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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 70 - Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 70 - Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is menses?

A

Endometrium sloughing off

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2
Q

What is the proliferative phase of menstruation?

A

New uterine lining forming

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3
Q

What is the time frame of the menstrual cycle?

At what stages of life does it occur?

A

Once every 28 days

From puberty to menopause
NB not during pregnancy

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4
Q

What are the phases of menstruation?

A

Follicular / proliferative phase

Luteal / secretory phase

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5
Q

What hormones regulate the two phases of menstruation?

A

Follicular: oestrogen
Luteal: oestrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics of women?

What controls these characteristics?

A

Oestrogen:
• Breast development
• Distribution of body fat

Adrogens:
• Hair growth
• Libido

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7
Q

What brings about the development of 2e sex characteristics in females?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

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8
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Muscle layer of uterus wall

Contracts during delivery

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9
Q

What is a follicle made up of?

A

Oocyte
Antrum
Granulosa cells
Theca cells

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10
Q

Describe the make up of the uterine wall

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Outer connective tissue

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11
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Days 1-14
Follicle growth in the ovary
Endometrium undergoes proliferation

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12
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Days 15-28

Ruptured follicle transforms into Corpus Luteum in preparation for pregnancy

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13
Q

Describe the urterine cycle

A
  1. Menses (no pregnancy)
    - shedding
  2. Proliferation
    - new layer
  3. Secretion
    - converts to secretory structure to support secondary oocyte
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14
Q

When are levels of FSH and LH high?

A

FSH: throughout follicular phase
LH: surge before ovulation

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15
Q

When are levels of oestrogen high?

A

Rise at end of follicular phase

another peak during luteal phase

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16
Q

When are levels of inhibin high?

A

Mid luteal phase

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17
Q

When are levels of progesterone high?

A

Throughout luteal phase

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18
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

Transistion from Follicular to Luteal phase

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19
Q

What controls the folllicular phase?

A

FSH stimulates
• oogenesis
• conversion of Angdrogens → Oestroegn

LH stimulates
• theca cells → androgen produciton

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20
Q

Where is oestrogen released from?

A

Released from theca as an androgen

Converted to oestrogen in granulosa cells

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21
Q

What converts androgens to oestrogens?

A

Aromatase in granulosa

under action of FSH and LH

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22
Q

How do oestrogen levels remain high despite low levels of LH and FSH?

A

Oestrogen feeds back positively on the granulosa cells to produce more Oestrogen

(despite feeding back neagtively on the Hypothalamus and anterior pitruitary)

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23
Q

Describe the development of the follicle.

What is happening at this time in the uterus?

A

Enlarges
Antrum forms

Endometrium sloughing off

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24
Q

What leads to the LH and FSH surge late in follicular phase?

What does this result in?

A
  1. Oestrogen levels have got very high
  2. High oestrogen levels eventually result in positive feedback on the anterior pituitary
  3. LH surge → ovulation
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25
Q

When does the first meiotic division occur?

A

It started in foetal life, but stalled.

Meiosis 1 completes during follicular development under the action of FSH

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26
Q

What is luteinisation?

A

Oocyte is gone
Transformation from:
Follicle → corpus luteum

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27
Q

What is the effect of high inhibin levels during the luteal phase?

A

Inhibition of FSH to prevent new follicle development in the luteal phase

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28
Q

What is the effect of low progesterone levels during ovulation?

A

Pos feedback on GnRH → LH surge

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29
Q

What happens to follicular cells at ovulation?

What is the result of this?

A

Replaced with luteal cells

No more oestrogen production by the follicular cells, oestrogen levels drop

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30
Q

Where are progesterone receptors located?

A

Uterus

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31
Q

What happens to the cervix during ovulation?

A

Production of cervical mucous

→ needed for fertilisation

32
Q

Compare cervical mucous at ovulation and during the luteal phases

A

Ovulation:
• Abundant
• Clear
• Non-viscous

Luteal phase
• sticky
• thick

33
Q

What is the corpus luteum made up of?

What does it produce?

A

Granulosa cells

Produces:
• progesterone
• some oestrogen

34
Q

What is the effect of high progesterone during the luteal phase?

A
  • Maintaining the endometrium

* keeping GnRH, LH, FSH low (no new follicle development)

35
Q

What prevents follicle maturation during the luteal phase?

A

Low levels of FSH and LH

• under inhibin activity

36
Q

Describe the uterus during the luteal phase

A

Highly vascularised
Secretory

• preparing for implantation and pregnancy

37
Q

What happens to basal body temperature during the menstrual cycle?
What controls this?

A

Increases after ovulation

Under the action of progesterone

38
Q

What happens if fertilisation occurs?

How about if there is no fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation:
• Hormone levels remain high
(under stimulation from extra trophic factors)

No fertilisation:
• Corpus luteum dies
• Hormone levels drop
• Menses
• New follicle
39
Q

What tells the body that you are pregnant?

A

Extra trophic support

  1. Corpus luteum maintained
  2. Oestrogen and progesterone produced
  3. Endometrium maintained
40
Q

What causes the proliferation of the endometrium?

When is this happening?

A

Oestrogen

Proliferative / follicular phase

41
Q

What type of egg is being released from the follicle?

A

Secondary oocyte

42
Q

What happens at menopause?

A

No more primary follicles
Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone

Symtoms:
• osteoporosis
• hot flashes

43
Q

What day can you get pregnant?

A

Day 14

44
Q

How long does sperm survive in the reproductive tract?

A

2 days

45
Q

How long does a secondary oocyte live?

A

1 day

46
Q

What is the fertile window?

A

Sperm present: 2 days

Ovum present: 1 day

47
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

Digestion of zona pellucida

48
Q

Describe fertilisation

A
  1. Swimming upstream
  2. Acrosomal reaction
  3. Fusion of cell membranes
  4. Second meiotic division
  5. Nuclear fusion
  6. Diploid cell
49
Q

What prevents polyspermy?

A

Cortical reaction

50
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Once it reaches the uterus

Structure:
• ICM: foetus
• trophectoderm: placenta

51
Q

What happens after fertilisation?

A

Cell divisions
• Morula

Moves down fallopian tubes

52
Q

Describe implantation

A

Endometrium and traphectoderm merge

53
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

9 weeks onward

54
Q

What is early pregnancy?

A

First two weeks

Implantation of the Blastocyst

55
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

3-8 weeks

56
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Causes malformations

57
Q

What things can go wrong in early pregnancy?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities
Environmental disturbances of implantation

Not susceptible to teratogens

58
Q

What things can go wrong in the embryonic period?

A

Most susceptible to teratogens

59
Q

From when are all the organ systems present?

A

From embryonic phase

60
Q

When is the first missed period?

A

28 days after ovulation

Fulled formed foetus with all organs systems already present

61
Q

What things can go wrong in the foetal period?

A

Physiological defects
Minor morphological abnormalities
Functional disturbances

62
Q

What things affect foetal growth?

A 
Genetic factors
Environmental factors:
- multiple pregnancy
- nutrition
- oxygenation
- placental function
- smoking
- alcohol
- drugs
- exercise
- infectious agents
- environmental chemicals
63
Q

What happens to alcohol in the foetus?

A

Liver can’t degrade it

Levels remain high in the foetus

64
Q

How do drugs affect the baby?

A

Most drugs can cross the placenta

Thus, they also affect the baby in many ways

65
Q

What happens during exercise when pregnant?

A

Blood preferentially moved away from placenta

Increased body temp

66
Q

Which infectious agents can harm the foetus?

A

HIV
HSV

Many infectious agents can cross the placenta

67
Q

How may pregnancy be prevented?

A 
Contraception
• the pill
• condoms
• IUD
• cervical cap
• implanon
• surgery
68
Q

How does the ‘pill’ work?

A

Prevents surge in hormone levels (LH, FSH)

→ no ovulation

69
Q

When can the pill fail?

A

Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Drug interactions

70
Q

What is an IUD?

How does it prevent pregnancy

A

Inter-uterine device

Interferes with hormones so that the endometrium doesn’t proliferate

Blocks implantation

71
Q

What is the effectiveness of the pill?

A

Theoretical: very good

But, needs to be taken at same time of day

72
Q

What is the difference between theoretical and use effectiveness?

A

Use effectiveness: things can go wrong

eg. hole in condom

73
Q

What is the effect of FSH on its target cells?

What are its target cells?

A
  • Granulosa cells

* Oestrogen production

74
Q

Describe feedback in late follicular phase

A

Oestrogen
• positive feedback for GnRH (and thus LH)
Inhibin
• negative feedback for FSH release
Progesterone
• present at low concentration: positive feedback for GnRH and LH

75
Q

Describe feedback in early to mid luteal phase

A

Negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary by:
• oestrogen
• progesterone
• inhibin

76
Q

Why don’t FSH levels spike as much as LH at the end of the follicular phase?

A

Because inhibin is selectively inhibiting FSH release

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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