Lecture 25 - Lower Limb 1 Flashcards
What does the patella do?
Increases leverage for leg extensor muscles
What are the bones of the lower limb?
Pelvic girdle Femur Tibia Fibula Bones of the foot - tarsal - metatarsal - phalanges
What are the features of the pelvic girdle?
- Complete ring
- Connects the spine and the femur
- Protects viscera
Describe the similarities and differences between the Tibia and Fibula, and the Ulna and Radius?
Similarities: linked by interosseus membrane
Differences: not lateral rotation of the tibia and fibula
What are the similarities and differences of the bones of the hand and the bones of the feet?
Similarities: same arrangement
Differences: bones of foot are much bigger, due to the greater weight that they must support
Which bone of the shin is weight bearing?
Tibia
The flexor compartments of the lower limb are oriented …
Posteriorally
The lower limb and upper limbs are rotated … degrees relative to each other
180 degrees
Describe the orientation of the femur
Angulated
Compare the features of the big toe and the thumb
Thumb: opposable
Big toe: non-opposable
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Hip bone:
- Ileum
- Pubic
- Ischeum
Sacrum
Coccyx
What is the name of the canal through the pelvis?
Pelvic inlet
Describe the sexual dimorphisms of the pelvis
Female:
- wider pelvic inlet
Male:
- longer sacrum and coccyx
Where do the gluteal muscles attach?
Ilium of hip bone
Where do the adductor muscles of the leg attach?
Pubis
Where do the hamstrings attach?
Ischeum
Describe the important features of three femur
Head Necks Shaft Tuberosities Distal end Trabeculae
Describe the trabeculae in the head of the femur
Highly organised beams of cancellous bone, so organised to resist static forces and pull of the muscle
What is the name of the region of the tibia that articulates at the knee joint?
Tibia plateau
What is important about the different aspects of the shaft of the tibia?
Anterior aspect: subcutaneous, can be felt just under the skin
Posterior: muscle attachments
Which features of the bones of the shin create a socket for the ankle joint?
The medial malleolus of the tibia
The lateral malleolus of the fibula
What happens on the shaft of the fibula?
Muscle attachments
What are the names of the two important tarsals?
Talus
Calcaneus
How many metatarsals are there?
5
Which are the phalanges?
Two rows of bones on the tips of the toes
Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot?
What are their function?
They are on the underside of the first metatarsal
They form a tunnel to prevent compression of the tendons that run along the bog toe
What are the unique features of the foot?
Non-opposable big toe
Arched foot
Which planes does the hip joint allow?
All three
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
Which ligament reinforces the hip joint capsule?
Where is this ligament, and what does it do?
Ileofemoral ligament
It is located in front of the joint
It confers stability when there is flexion of the hip joint
What is the name of the artery that runs down near the head of the femur?
Femoral artery
Which position of the hip joint represents the greatest stability?
Why?
The capsule + ligament unwinds during flexion –> unstable
The capsule + ligament spirals during extension –> greatest stability
Describe how dislocation of the hip may occur
Cross legs
Force applied to the knee –> force transmitted up to the hip joint
Dislocated posteriorly
What structures are in danger in hip dislocation?
Sciatic nerve
Where does fracture of the femur normally occur?
Between the neck and the top of the shaft
In which age group are hip fractures common?
Elderly (due to falls)
What are the external features of fracture of the femur?
Leg is shorter and externally rotated
In terms of blood supply, what may happen after a fracture of the femoral neck?
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head due to tearing of the vessels that run along the femoral neck
What are the two joints at the knee?
Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral
Which type of joints are the joints of the knee?
Synovial
Describe the range of movement of the knee joints
Extended: little rotation
Flexed: quite large range of movement possible
Thus, not a pure hinge joint
Which structures stabilise the knee joint?
Menisci: medial and lateral
Cruciate ligaments: anterior and posterior
Collateral ligaments: medial and lateral
Are the bones of the knee joint congruent?
Why / why not?
Incongruent
The chondyle of the femur is round, and the head of the tibia is flat
When is the knee joint most susceptible to injury?
Why?
Rotation of the joint when flexed
Extended knee joint is the most stable because the ligaments are taut
Are the cruciate ligaments intrinsic of extrinsic?
Extrinsic: don’t reinforce capsule
But they are intracapsular
What is the function of the ACL and PCL?
ACL: prevent forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur
PCL: prevent backwards movement of the tibia relative to the femur
Describe the position of the anterior and posterior collateral ligaments
Anterior : goes to lateral epichondyle of femur
Posterior : goes to medial epichondyle of femur
What is the name for the end of the meniscus?
The horn
Is the meniscus the same thickness the whole way through?
Why / why not?
No, it is thicker on the outer surfaces and thinner towards the middle.
This creates a socket for the femur
What is the Ruckman’s injury?
Tearing of the PCL
The tibia is pushed back
What can also occur when there is PCL injury?
Haemarthrosis
- tearing of the synovial membrane, which has a rich blood supply
- blood doesn’t come from the ligament
How is a torn ACL repaired?
Before:
Piece of tendon of the patella taken
Now:
Piece of tendon from hamstring
What are the collateral ligaments of the knee?
Medial and lateral
Compare the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Medial: prevent movement of the femur laterally
Lateral: prevent movement of the femur medially
What is the unhappy triad?
Three things injured
- ACL
- Medial meniscus
- Medial collateral ligament
Are the cruciate ligaments fused with their corresponding menisci?
Medial collateral ligament: fused with medial meniscus
Lateral collateral ligament: separated from lateral meniscus by Popliteus
What is the Popliteus?
A muscle tendon, separating the lateral collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus
Compare Vargus and Valgus
Valgus: knock kneed
Vargus: bow legged
What are the functions of the menisci in the knee joint?
- shock absorb
- increase congruence by 1/3rd
- spread synovial fluid
When the meniscus of the knee is torn around the periphery, what happens?
Locking of the knee in the flexed position
Describe the Bursae in the knee joint
There are many Bursae in the knee
Most non-communicating
One communicating
Why is the communicating bursa of the knee important?
Continuous with the synovial cavity of the knee
When there is injury of the knee joint, there will be effusion and haemarthrosis into this bursa as well.
Useful indication of the extent of damage for a physician
What is the patellofemoral joint?
Connecting the patella with the femur
Where is the patellofemoral joint?
It is within the knee joint cavity
Which three things stabilise the patellofemoral joint?
- Vastus medialis of quadriceps
- Patellar retinaculum
- Extended epicondyle lip of femur –> increase depth of groove
Where does the patella sit and move around?
Sits in the groove
Runs up and down the groove in extension and flexion
What is the Q angle?
This is the way that the patella is being pulled, due to:
- quadriceps pulling patella laterally
- being pulled down by patellar tendon
In which instances is the patella more prone to subluxation / dislocation?
- Weakened Vastus medialis
- increased Q angle
Describe ankle inversion and eversion
Inversion: joint moves laterally
Eversion: joint moves medially
What is normally happening in ankle sprain?
Dorsi flexion and inversion of the ankle
Tear of the lateral collateral ligament
Which are the two ligaments at the ankle joint?
Medial and lateral
Which collateral ligament of the ankle is more frequently damaged? Why?
Lateral CL
It is much weaker than the medial CL, because it exists in three discrete bands
What are the protruding parts of the bones of the leg that form a socket at the ankle joint?
Lateral malleolus (fibula)
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Which malleolus is longer?
What function does this confer?
The lateral malleolus is longer and thus gives more support