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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 21 - Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

0
Q

What are the intervertebral disks made of?

A

Fibro cartilage

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1
Q

What are the components of the back?

From where does it run?

A

From T1 to coccyx

Consists of:

  • axis / vertebral column (intervertebral disks, intervertebral foramen)
  • muscle (deep, superficial)
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2
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

Posterior to the vertebral column

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

Between L1 and L2

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4
Q

What are the four divisions of the spinal cord?

How many segments are in each?

A 
Cervical : 7
Thoracic : 12
Lumbar : 5
Sacral: 5
coccygeal : 4
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5
Q

Describe how the curvature of the spine arises

A

Primary C curve: As a foetus
In utero: head muscle strengthen –> curve at neck
Baby: leg muscles strengthen –> curve at lumbar region

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6
Q

What are the curves in the spine called?

A

Lordosis

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7
Q

What is it called when there is abnormal curvature of the spine?

Give some examples of conditions in which this occurs

A

Abnormal lordosis

  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
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8
Q

What are some features of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A
  • Vertebral arch
  • Pedicel
  • Lamina
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse processes
  • Articular process
  • Vertebral body
  • Vertebral canal
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9
Q

What is different about lumbar and thoracic vertebra?

A

Lumbar:

  • larger, because they carry more weight
  • no facets for ribs

Thoracic: facets for rib attachment

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10
Q

What are the names of the facets for rib attachment?

A

Articular facet

Articular Demi facet

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11
Q

Where does the head of the rib attach?

A

Articular demi facet

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12
Q

What attaches to the Articular facet?

A

Tubercle of rib

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13
Q

Where is the vertebral canal?

What is inside?

A

In between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

The spinal cord runs down until L1-L2

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14
Q

From which angles are the vertebral column and the intervertebral foramen visible?

A

Vertebral column: looking vertically down

Intervertebral foramen: looking horizontally across the spine

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15
Q

What is in the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerve

Posterior root ganglion

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16
Q

What are the two roots of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior: sensation
Anterior: motor

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17
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons connecting to the spinal cord?

A

Sensory neurons: Posterior root ganglion

Motor neurons: Anterior horn

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18
Q

What are the joints within the spine?

A

The intervertebral disks

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19
Q

What is the intervertebral disk made up of?

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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20
Q

What are the features of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Deformable

Incompressible

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21
Q

What is the role of the intervertebral disk?

A
  • Keeps the vertebrae apart

- Weight bearing forces – resisted by the annular fibres

22
Q

What are the compositions of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus?

A

Nucleus: jelly like
Annulus: fibrous layers – not all in the same plane

Like an onion

23
Q

What type of joint are the intervertebral disks?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

24
Q

What is the role of ligaments in the spine?

A

Support

Limits the range of movement

26
Q

What are the two ligaments found in the spine?

Where are they located?

A

Posterior longitudinal:
Running down the back of the vertebral bodies

Ligamentum flavum:
In between the pedicles

26
Q

How does structure relate to function in the ligamentum flavum?

A

Elastic fibres – stretching of the spine during flexion of the body

27
Q

What types of joints are the joints of the vertebral arches?

Where are they?

A

Synovial plane joints

On the articular processes

28
Q

Describe the attachments of superficial back muscles

A

Originate on spine

Insert on limbs

29
Q

Describe the attachments of deep back muscles

A

Originate and terminate on the spine

30
Q

What are some of the muscles in the back.

Locate them

A

Levator scapulae
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids
Trapezius

31
Q

What are some of the intrinsic muscle of the back?

What are their functions?

A

Erector spinae: runs up the back of the spine at keep the body erect

Transversospinalis: short muscles
- Fixators that prevent instability due to too much movement

32
Q

What is clinically significant about transversospinalis?

A

They are stabilisers

When they are damaged, they rapidly atrophy and it is difficult to regain function.

Special physiotherapy is needed

33
Q

What causes disk prolapse?

A

A tear in the outer annulus fibrosus, allowing the nucleus pulposus to bulge out

34
Q

In which direction do tears normally occur?

Why?

A

They bulge out postero-lateral

This is due to the posterior longditudinal ligament in the vertebral canal

35
Q

Are disk prolapses painful?

A

Bulge: not necessarily; only if the bulge reaches the outer third where there is nervous innervation

Herniation & Extrusion: yes, as the outer third of the intervertebral disk has nervous sensation

36
Q

Describes what happens to intervertebral disks over the course of one’s life

A

The amount of fluid slowly decreases and the disks get thinner and the Articular cartilage degenerates
The bones start to rub against each outer –> painful

The body compensates and tries to limit movement of the joints.
Osteophytes grow to limit movement

37
Q

What can growth of osteophytes sometimes lead to?

A

Encroachment on nerves in the intervertebral foramen or in the spinal canal

38
Q

What is at risk in disk prolapse?

Why?

A

The nerve roots in the foramen

Posterior lonitudinal ligament protect the spinal cord itself

39
Q

Where are disk prolapses common?

A

At the border of the lumbar and sacral regions

40
Q

What is a compression fracture and in whom is it common?

A

It is a collapse of a vertebra due to trauma or weakening of the vertebra

It is common in the elderly

41
Q

Why is rubbing bone of the vertebrae painful?

A

Sensory nerve supply in the bone

42
Q

What is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column

43
Q

Describe the joints in the vertebral column

A

Plane joints connect the Articular projections

45
Q

Compare the joints in the thoracic and lumbar spine

A

Thoracic: guide rotation

Lumbar: guide flexion / extension

46
Q

Does twisting movement of the spine cause injury?

A

It may cause injury

Because only 50% of annular fibres are positioned to resist load

47
Q

What links the two latissimus muscles?

A

An aponeurosis

48
Q

What are the tree levels of disc prolapse?

A

Bulge
Herniation
Extrusion

49
Q

Why do osteophytes grow?

A

In an attempt to limit movement of the joint

50
Q

Describe venous drainage of vertebrae

A

Basivertebral veins

Come out of the posterior aspect of vertebra

51
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament expand?

A

Over IV disc

52
Q

Describe what happens when weight is put through the spine

A
  1. Weight bearing forces
  2. Bulge of disc; incompressible, so it bulges out
  3. Annular fibres hold it all together; resist load
53
Q

What is the general role of annulus fibrosus when weight bearing?

A

Resist load

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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