Lecture 18 - Articular System Flashcards
Where are fibrous joints found?
In the skull
Linking tibia and fibula
Holding teeth in place
Very tight, don’t allow much movement
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilage
Sinovial
Where are cartilage joints found?
What are the features?
In between the vertebrae, aka intervertebral disk
Cushion between hyaline cartilage
What are the two types of cartilage joints?
Primary: epiphyseal plate
Secondary: intervertebral disks
What is a suture?
The fibrous joint in skull bones
What is the name of the joint between the distal tibia and fibula?
This is called a syndesmosis
What is the name of the joint holding the teeth in place?
Gomphosis
Where are cartilangenous joints usually found?
In the midline, axis
Where are sinovial joints usually found?
In the joints of the appendages and girdles
What are some examples of the types of synovial joints
Plane
Hinge
Ball and socket
Flexion and extension is always in the … plane
Sagittal
Abduction and Adduction is always in the … plane
Coronal
Rotation is always in the … Plane
All planes
Where does the fibrous capsule attach to the bone?
Near the epiphyseal plate
Describe the important feature of the sinovial joint
- Proximal and distal bone
- Articular cartilage
- Sinovial cavity
- Sinovial fluid
- Sinovial membrane
- Periosteum
- Fibrous capsule
What is the role of the synovial membrane?
It lines all non-Articular surfaces
What is the role of the fibrous capsule?
It encloses the joint
Describe the blood and nerve supply of the joint
Fibrous capsule: richly innervated poor blood supply
Articular cartilage: avascular, aneural
Sinovial membrane: highly vascular
Menisci and disks: only outer third receive blood and nerve supply
What is a ligament?
Connection between two bones
What is the structure of a ligament?
How does this relate to function?
Thick, fibrous
Resisting tensile forces (pulling)
What are the two different types of ligament?
How do they differ?
Intrinsic: reinforce the capsule
Extrinsic: separate from the capsule
What is the role of the sinovial membrane?
Secretes sinovial fluid
What is the function of sinovial fluid?
Lubrication
Nutrients for Articular cartilage chondrocytes
Shock absorber
What happens when the sinovial membrane is irritated
Swelling, effusion
The ball and socket joint is very shallow, how is this remedied?
Labrum.
Made of fibrocartilage
This effectively deepens the socket
What happens when the sinovial membrane tears
- Painful
- Bleeding
Haemarthrosis
Where are labra found?
In ball and socket joints, such as:
Hip
Shoulder
What are menisci and disks made out of?
What is also made out of this?
Fibrocartilage
Labra
What are the function of menisci and disks?
Where are they found?
They are found in the joint
Menisci in particular in the knee
They act as:
• shock absorbers
• partially subdivide a joint cavity
• allow different movements to occur simultaneously on each side of the joint
What is the name of the sacks of fluid that protect joints?
Bursae
What is inside the bursae?
Sinovial fluid
What are the two different types of Bursae?
Communicating: rare
Non-communicating: more common
Bursae are susceptible to …
Irritation and infection
What are the different grades of ligament injury?
Type I: minimal disruption
Type II: 50 % rupture
Type III: complete rupture
What is it called when, in children, the ligament causes a part of the bone to break off?
Which part of the bone does this happen to?
Avulsion injury
This happens at the epiphyseal plate
What are the two types of injury when the bones in the joint are disrupted?
Dislocation: bone comes completely out of the joint
Subluxation: bone comes out a bit, incomplete, partial dislocation
Which joints are particularly prone to subluxation and dislocation?
Shoulder
What else is at risk when subluxation and dislocation occur?
The nerve and blood supply
What is the difference between osetoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis?
OsteoArthritis: general term for joint pain and inflammtion due to wear and degradation of the cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease, inflammation in the joints due to antibodies attacking the sinovial membrane cartilage degraded
When joints are replaced with a prosthesis, what is it called?
Arthroplasty
Fibrocartilage forms which structures?
Labrum
Menisci
Disks
What structures does hyaline cartilage form?
Bony Articular surfaces at joints
What sort of structures does elastic cartilage form?
External Ear, larynx etc
What are the three types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic
All cartilage is avascular and aneural.
What is the exception?
The exception is fibrocartilage – which has blood and nerve supply around the outer third where pressure is minimal
Hyaline cartilage is completely avascular and aneural
What are the two different types of epiphyses?
Traction: attachments
Pressure: joints
Describe the blood and nervous supply to the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint.
What are the implications of this?
- Richly innervated
- Poor blood supply
Painful when injured, but slow to heal
