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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 69 - Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 69 - Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the reproductive system?

A
  1. Gametogenesis

2. Secretion of hormones

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2
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Making gametes

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3
Q

What are the two types of gametogenesis?

A

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

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4
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

Compare reproductive function in males and females

A 
Females is much more complex
• reception of sperm
• fertilisation
• gestation
• parturition
• lactation
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7
Q

What is parturition?

A

Delivery

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8
Q

What is the name for sperm cells at the end of mitosis?

A

Spermocytes

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9
Q

How many chromosomes in the gametes?

A

23

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10
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

How about oogenesis?

A

Males: puberty
Females: foetal life

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11
Q

Where are germ cells?

A

Embryonic gonad

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12
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

Meiosis from embryonic gonad

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13
Q

Describe the stages of spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium
- Mitosis -
Spermatogonia
- Mitosis -
Primary spermatocyte
- 1st meiotic division -
Secondary spermatocyte
- 2nd meiotic division -
Spermatids
- maturation -
Spematozoa
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14
Q

Where are spermatigonia?

A

Edge of seminiferous tubule

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15
Q

Which hormone drives spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

What do we have after the first meiotic division in oogenesis?

A

Secondary oocyte + polar body

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17
Q

Describe the process of oogensis

A 
Oogonium
- Mitosis -
Primary oocyte
- 1st meiotic division -
Secondary oocyte + polar body
- 2nd meiotic division -
Mature ovum
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18
Q

When does mitotic proliferation occur in oogenesis?

What is the implication of this?

A

Completely during foetal life

Menopause: no more primary oocytes

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19
Q

What does each primary oocyte give rise to?

A

One mature ovum

3 polar bodies

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20
Q

What is the function of the polar body?

What happens to it?

A

Non functional

Degenerates

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21
Q

What does the second meiotic division in oogenesis give rise to?

A

Mature ovum + second polar body

22
Q

When is oogenesis completed?

A

After fertilisation

Sperm is required

23
Q

What is sperm required for in oogenesis?

A

Second meiotic division

24
Q

When does the second meiotic division occur?

A

Fertilisation

25
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

26
Q

Where are the Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial space

27
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?

A

Follicular cells

Corpus luteum

28
Q

What are the sex steroids?

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone

29
Q

How is sex steroid production regulated?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
    - releases GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary
    - LH
    - FSH
  3. Gonads
    - steroid and peptide hormones

Long feedback loops

  • Steroid and peptide hormones
  • acting on Hypothalamus and/or pituitary
  • may be positive or negative feedback
  • higher cortical centres
30
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

31
Q

What are the peptide hormones?

What do they do?

A

Inhibin
Activin

Help regulation

32
Q

What are all sex steroids synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

33
Q

From what is oestrogen synthesised?

A

Testosterone

34
Q

What is estrdiol?

A

The main oestrogen

35
Q

What are LH and FSH?

Describe their function

A

Luteinising hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone

Circulate in blood to gonads to:
• produce gametes
• secretion of sex hormones

36
Q

What are the target cells of LH and FSH in males and females?

A

LH:
Females: Theca cells
Males: Leydig cells

FSH:
Males: Sertoli cells
Females: Granulosa

37
Q

What is LH’s main function?

A

Hormone secretion from endocrine cells

38
Q

What is FSH’s main function?

A 
Gamete production
Males:
• Sertoli cells
Females:
• Granulosa
39
Q

Describe how higher cortical centres can affect hormone release

A

eg. Stress in females can alter release of hormones so that menstruation does not occur

40
Q

In males is the primary target for FSH in males?

What does this bring about?

A

Sertoli cells

Spermatogenesis

41
Q

What does LH do in males?

What are the downstream effects?

A

Testosterone production

  1. Released from anterior pituitary
  2. Acts on Leydig cells
  3. Release of testosterone
  4. Testosterone acts on Sertoli cells
  5. Spermatogenesis etc.
42
Q

Where does maturation of sperm occur?

A

Head of epididymis

43
Q

Draw a cross section of a seminiferous tubule, indicating all the different cell types

A

Spermatogonia and all derivatives
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells

44
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A 
Before brith:
- gonad --> testis
Development:
• of reproductive system
• spermatogenesis
• sex drive
Secondary sex characteristics
• hair growth
• voice deepening
• muscle growth

NB also non-reproductive actions
• anabolism, bone growth

45
Q

Describe feedback in males

A

Negative feedback
• testosterone
• FSH

46
Q

What is the role of the accessory glands?

A

Contribute to the volume of semen

47
Q

Describe the function of inhibin

A

Released from seminiferous tubules
Negative feedback on anterior pituitary
Stops release of FSH

48
Q

Describe the feedback of testosterone

A

Negative feedback
• hypothalamus
• anterior pituitary

49
Q

What is Andropause?

A

Decreased levels of testosterone through aging

50
Q

Describe the function of the Leydig cells, and how this is controlled

A
  1. Acted on by LH

2. Produce and release testosterone

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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