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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 41 - Principles of Viscera > Flashcards

Lecture 41 - Principles of Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general overarching function of viscera?

A

To regulate the internal environment

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2
Q

Which four processes are the viscera involved with?

A

Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Digestion

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3
Q

What are the two types of viscera?

A

Solid

Tubular (hollow)

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4
Q

Give some examples of hollow organs

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
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5
Q

Give some examples of solid organs

A

Liver
Lungs
Kidney
Pancreas

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6
Q

What are some of the visceral systems?

A

Digestive
Respiratory
Urogenital
Circulatory

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7
Q

What is the structure of a hollow viscus?

A

Lumen
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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8
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

Minimise friction of organ against surrounding surfaces

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle?

A

1/ Motility: Can contract in waves: peristalsis

2/ Expansion

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10
Q

What is special about the mucosa?

A

Folded in to increase surface area for absorption

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11
Q

What are constrictions?

A

This is where the lumen of a hollow organ is narrower

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12
Q

Where are constrictions usually found?

A

Beginning
End
Other sites along the way

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13
Q

What are dilations?

Give an example

A

This is a widening in the diameter of the lumen

eg. The bladder

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14
Q

Where are extra constrictions found in the urogenital system?

A

Where urethra penetrates the pelvic floor

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15
Q

What is an oriface?

Give an example

A

An opening

Eg. where the ureter goes into the bladder

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16
Q

Where is a calculus likely to be lodged?

A

At an oriface - ie, where there is a constriction

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17
Q

What can IVP staining tell us?

A

This makes the urine visible on X Ray
Shows us where urine is not being able to flow
–> shows site of calculus blockage

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth muscle in the muscularis layer of a hollow organ

A

Two layers:

  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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19
Q

How can large volumes of liquids be stored in the bladder?

A

The smooth muscle in the bladder allows expansion of the organs without change in force of contraction

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20
Q

When is micturition brought about?

A
  1. Critical stretch of bladder
  2. Reflex initiated
  3. Micturition
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21
Q

What reduces friction of solid viscera?

A

External capsule

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22
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

Cluster of cells that secrete products into a duct

23
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Cluster of cells that secrete products into the blood

24
Q

What are the subdivisions of a solid viscus?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

25
Q

How are solid viscera organised?

A

Lobes

  • structural (lungs)
  • functional (prostate)
26
Q

Is medulla outer or inner

A

Inner

27
Q

What causes grooves and impressions?

A

Viscera pressing against solid viscera

28
Q

Describe an example of grooves and impressions

A

Aorta: groove on the lung
Heart: impression on the lung

29
Q

Which type of viscera have sphincters?

A

Tubular

30
Q

What are the two different types of sphincters?

What is the difference?

A

Anatomical:
- surrounded by a thickened ring of muscle

Functional:
- no localised muscle thickening

31
Q

What is the function of sphincters?

A

To ensure unidirectional flow of contents of tubular viscus

32
Q

Where are sphincters commonly found?

A

Distal ends of ducts

Near external oriface

33
Q

What controls flow in functional sphincters?

A

Tube sits obliquely in the muscle

34
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary sphincters

A

Involuntary:

  • autonomic innervation
  • smooth muscle

Voluntary:

  • somatic innervation
  • skeletal muscle
35
Q

Describe the innervation in the anal sphincters

A

Two lines of defence:

voluntary and involuntary sphincters

36
Q

Where are serous membranes found?

A

Covering viscus

Lines body cavity

37
Q

What are the subdivisions of serous membranes?

A
  • Parietal: lining cavity

- Visceral: covers organ

38
Q

Compare source of blood supply and innervation of parietal and visceral serous membrane

A

Visceral:
from the organ

Parietal:
from the muscle of the body wall

39
Q

What is another name for the parietal serous membrane?

A

Somatic

40
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane in the abdomen?

A

Peritoneum

41
Q

What is the name of the cavity in the abdomen?

A

Peritoneal cavity

42
Q

Describe the arrangement of organs in the abdominal compartment

A

Suspended by mesentery

43
Q

What is the role of the mesentery?

A

1/ Pathway for vessel and nerves

2/ Mobility of the organ

44
Q

Viscera suspended by mesentery are susceptible to…?

A

Torsion

  • -> cut off blood supply to organ
  • -> necrosis of organ
45
Q

What is referred pain?

A

This is when pain from an organ is experienced on the skin of the corresponding dermatome

46
Q

To where is pain usually referred?

A

The skin

47
Q

Describe referred pain in the heart

A

Heart supplied by T1-5

Pain referred to:
Chest: T2-5
Arm: T1

48
Q

Which organs have a sensory mapping on the brain?

Which don’t?

A

Mapping:
Somatic innervation
eg. Hands, skin, etc.

No mapping:
viscera, autonomic innervation

49
Q

Where do paired viscera develop and grow?

What about unpaired viscera?

A

Paired: On one side of the body
Unpaired: in the midline

50
Q

Describe referred pain of paired viscera

A

Since each of the pair has its own innervation and blood supply on each side, only the skin on one side will experience the pain

51
Q

Describe referred pain of unpaired viscera

A

Referred pain to local overlying skin of the midline

52
Q

Which unpaired organs commonly refer pain to the midline?

A

Viscera of GIT

  • appendix
  • pancreas
53
Q

Compare innervation of paired and unpaired organs

A

Paired:
- each receives innervation from one side of the spinal cord

Unpaired:
- the organs receives innervation from both sides of the spinal cord

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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