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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 47 - Cardiovascular System 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 47 - Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the origin of the diaphragm?

Where is the insertion?

A

The circumference - ie all the way around

The insertion is in the centre of the diaphragm

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1
Q

What does the pericardium attach to?

A

The diaphragm insertion

Central tendon of the diaphragm

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2
Q

Describe the orientation of the muscle fibres in the diaphragm

A

Muscle fibres go towards the centre from the circumferential diaphragm

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3
Q

What limits diaphragmatic descent?

A

The heart and the vessels that are attached

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4
Q

What is the pericardium made of?

A

External: Outer fibrous pericardium

Internal: serous pericardium (single layer of serous membrane)

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5
Q

What do we always see in vista that expand and contract

A

A single layer of serous membrane lining the surface and the surface of the viscus

  • parietal
  • serous

Friction free

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6
Q

What lies between the parietal and visceral serous membranes?

A

Pericardial cavity

Contains serous fluid

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7
Q

Describe the path cutting through the pericardium

A 
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous membrane
Pericardial cavity
Visceral serous membrane
Viscus
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8
Q

What do we see on the anterior aspect of the heart?

A

Right sided chambers
On the right side: right atrium
On the left side: right ventricle

Also, a little bit of the left ventricle on the left border

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9
Q

Why are the right chambers present on the anterior surface?

A

Rotation of the heart during development

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10
Q

How do we differentiate the right atrium and ventricle externally?

A

Sulci

Anterior AV sulcus

Coronary sulcus

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11
Q

How do we differentiate the right and left ventricles externally?

A

Sulcus

Anterior interventricular sulcus

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12
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

What is it made up of?

A

Anterior aspect

Right and left ventricles

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13
Q

What are we feeling, when we feel our heart beat externally?

A

Apex of the heart beating against the anterior chest wall in the fifth intercostal space

Mid-Clavicular line, then drop down to the fifth intercostal space

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14
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

At the top

Where all he vessels emerge

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15
Q

How do we differentiate the left atrium and ventricle externally?

A

Coronary sulcus

Posterior aspect of heart

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16
Q

Where does blood come from that enters the right atrium?

How does this affect the structure

A

It is a receiving chamber:
Receives blood from the vena cavae

Thin muscle wall

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17
Q

What is present on the anterior interior surface of the right atrium?

A

Musculi pectinati

Muscular ridges

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18
Q

Describe the posterior internal wall of the right atrium

A

Sinus venarum

Smooth

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19
Q

Do the musculi pectinati slowly wave towards the back?

A

No, abruptly stop.

This is the:
Crista terminalis

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20
Q

What is the name of the posterior wall of the right atrium?

What is on the other side?

A

Interatrial septum

Connects with the left atrium

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21
Q

The right atrium receives blood from:

A

The entire body apart from the blood itself

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22
Q

Are there valves in the vena cavae?

A

Superior VC: no, drops in from above

Inferior VC: rudimentary valve

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23
Q

What does the IVC carry?

A

Blood from everything below the diaphragm

24
Q

Where does blood from the heart enter the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus

On the smooth posterior wall (sinus venarum)

Between IVC and tricuspid valve

25
Q

Whee does blood flow from the right atrium in a foetus?

A

From right atrium to left atrium through the:

foramen ovali

Saves going through the lungs

26
Q

What happens to the foramen ovali after birth?

A

Flap comes over, forming
Fossa ovali

Seen as a pit

27
Q

Which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

28
Q

How do we distinguish the posterior and anterior aspect of the heart

A

Atrial appendages (auricles) are both on the anterior surface of the heart, near the bottom of the great vessels

29
Q

Describe the muscle wall in the ventricle

A

Much thicker muscle than atrium

30
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

What guards this flow?

A

Into the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary valve

31
Q

Describe the surface of the interior walls of the right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carnae all the way around

Except just below the pulmonary valve:

  • Conus arteriosus
  • Or Infundibulum
32
Q

Give an analogy of the surface of the right ventricle

A

Like bookshelves running along the wall

Apart from three shelves
These start on the wall and come out into the ventricle, called papillary muscle

33
Q

Where are the papillary muscles?

A

Right ventricle

Start on interior wall and project into the centre of the cavity, to the
Chordate tendinae

34
Q

What do the chordae tendinae connect to?

A

Papillary muscle

Tricuspid valve

35
Q

Describe the muscle and surface of the left ventricle wall

A

Thickest muscle wall

Trabeculae carnae

36
Q

What is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

Only two cuspids

37
Q

How many papillary muscles in the left and right ventricles?

A

Left: two

Right: three

38
Q

Describe the surface and muscle of the left atrium

A

Thin muscle wall

Smooth

Apart from the auricle going around to the anterior surface

39
Q

Why are the atria thin walled?

A

Because they are receiving chambers

40
Q

Where is the blood coming from, that comes into the left atrium?

A

The lungs

Pulmonary vein

41
Q

What plane does the fibrous skeleton lie in?

What does this mean?

A

Sagittal plane

The muscle of the atria and ventricles are electically isolated

42
Q

Why have a fibrous skeleton?

A
  • Anchors atrial and ventricle muscle: separated electrically
  • Attachment for base of valve cusp
43
Q

What attaches to the fibrous skeleton?

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves

44
Q

Where are the coronets?

A

Surround the semi-lunar valves

45
Q

Compare the atrial and ventricular surfaces of the cusps of the valves

A

Ventricular: rough

Atrial: smooth

46
Q

What causes the atrioventricular valves to open and close?

Describe the flow from Atrium to ventricle

A

Passive process

Opening: pressure of blood in the atrium opens the lungs

Then, flow from high pressure to low pressure from atrium into the ventricle

Closing: slam shut when blood has flowed in

47
Q

What causes opening and closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves?

A

High pressure of blood due to the contraction of the ventricular muscle pushes the cusps up and to the side

Slam shut when pressure drops

48
Q

What prevents blood flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract?

A

The chordae tendinae fold the AV valves from opening

49
Q

How are the valves in the aorta and pulmonary trunk different from AV valves?

A

They are semilunar valves

50
Q

Describe the cusp attachments of the semilunar valves

A

Cusps supported by the two fibrous coronets

The cusps attach to the very start of the pulmonary trunk and aorta

51
Q

Where are the origins of the coronary arteries?

A

At the very base of the aorta

Just after the aortic valve

52
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

At the top of the crista terminalis

Near opening of SVC

53
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Generates an electrical impulse that spreads throughout the atrium, causing contraction of the artium

54
Q

What happens to the electrical conductance at the crista terminalis?

A

Stops, due to fibrous skeleton

55
Q

Where does the electrical impulse that goes through the ventricle originate?

Where is it located?

A

AV node

Situated at the fibrous skeleton

56
Q

How is the impulse conducted through the ventricles?

A

Specialised tissue:

Bundle of His

57
Q

Describe the general innervation of the heart

Where is it?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Cardiac Plexus at the base of the heart

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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