Lecture 49 - Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx Flashcards
Describe the cells in the nasal cavity
Ciliated
Mucous
Highly vascular
What are the main structures?
Oral cavity
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
What things can damage the cilia on the respiratory epithelium?
Smoking
- paralyses the cilia
Why is the respiratory epithelium highly vascular?
Warming the air before it gets to the lower respiratory tract
What is the front part of the nose called?
What lines it?
Vestibule
Skin: tough and protective
Hair
Where are the turbinates?
On the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Where does phonation occur?
Which structures are also important for sound?
Produced in the larynx (voice box)
Nasal and oral cavity important for shaping the sound
What are the names of the turbinates?
Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha
What is an important function of the turbinates?
Turbulence: exposing the air to the warm vasculature for longer
In the nasal cavity empty?
No
Much of the space is taken up by the conchi
What is the general name of the holes in the bone in the face?
Why do we have them?
Paranasal sinuses
Makes the head lighter
What is nasal congestion?
Vasodilation and mucous production, blocking the nasal cavity
What are the names of the space under the concha?
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
What are the para nasal sinuses?
Name them
Spaces in bone around the nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinuses (many of them)
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
What lines the sinuses?
What does this mean?
Continuous mucosa from nasal cavity
Mucous
Vascular
–> inflammation, infection, pain –> sinusitis
Is it easy for bacteria to migrate up into the para nasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
The sinuses drain down into the nasal cavity
Maxillary:
Opening to the nasal cavity high up in the sinus –> easier for bacteria to migrate into sinus. Difficult to drain (against gravity)
Why does the top nostril clear out when lying on one’s side?
The top nostril will drain down into the bottom nostril under gravity
What is the function of the oral cavity?
Gastrointestinal tract
Breathing (if the nose is congested)
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Anterior: Lips
Superior: Hard palate (maxilla and palatine bone), soft palate (muscles), uvula
Inferior: Mandible, Mylohyloid muscle, Tongue
Teeth
Describe the function of the tongue
Shaping the bolus
Speech
Taste
Describe the external structure of the tongue
Anterior 2/3rd
Posterior 1/3
Groove: sulcus terminalis
Describe the structure of the anterior 2/3rds
Papillae:
• Vallate papillae - just anterior to sulcus terminalis • fungiform papillae • filiform papillae • foliate papillae
Describe the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
Describe the structure of the papilla
Taste buds found deep in the folds of the papillae
What gives tongues rough appearance?
Describe them
Filiform papillae
• No taste buds
What are the two categories of tongue muscles?
1\ Extrinsic
Origin: outside the tongue
Insertion: on tongue
- pull the tongue around in the oral cavity
2\ Intrinsic
Confined within the tongue
Describe the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Change the shape of the tongue
Don’t change the position of the tongue
Describe the teeth arrangement
On one side
- 2 incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars
- 3 molars
When do teeth erupt?
Childhood:
All teeth apart from third molar
Wisdom teeth: 18+ (third molar)
Why are wisdom teeth removed?
The other teeth erupt much earlier and take up all the space in the mouth
Thus, the wisdom teeth grow laterally and encroach on the other teeth
Describe the bony structure of the the larynx
• Hyoid bone Cartilaginous skeleton: • epiglottis • thyroid cartilage • cricoid cartilage
Where is the larynx?
At the top of the trachea
How is sound produced?
Adduction of vocal ligament
How is the vocal ligament moved?
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Swivelling of the arytenoid cartilage
Describe the position of the vocal ligament when breathing
Abduction of vocal ligament
What covers the vocal cords?
What does this form?
Mucosa
• vestibular fold
• vocal fold
What does the mylohyloid ligament do?
Connects mandible to the hyoid bone
What does the vocal ligament connect to posteriorally?
Arytenoid cartilage
What is the function of the pharynx?
How is it achieved?
- Constrictor muscles
- Contract sequentially to close off nasal, oral cavities and larynx
- During swallowing
What are the parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What are the adenoids?
Where are they?
Pharyngeal tonsils
• lateral wall of the nasopharynx
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
Superior constrictor muscle
Medial constrictor muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle
Where does the middle ear connect to?
Why?
Middle ear connects via Auditory Tube into the lateral wall of the Nasopharynx
Equalising pressure in the middle ear
(Eg. During plane journeys)
What are THE tonsils?
Palatine tonsils
What happens when the palatine tonsils are inflamed?
Impact on the space at the back of mouth
Pain during eating and swallowing
What is the function of the immune tissue in the mouth?
Don’t know really
Important early in life for priming the immune system
What is the name the cheek bone?
Maxilla
Where is the arytenoid cartilage?
Sitting on top of the posterior part of the cricoid cartilage
What is located either side of the laryngeal inlet?
What is its function?
Piriform recess
Water flow into it instead of going into the laryngeal inlet
Describe generally the muscles of the pharynx
Three groups of constrictors
Constrict sequentially to block off the nose, mouth and larynx
What is the name of the connection between the laryngopharynx and the larynx?
Laryngeal inlet
What is the name of the oropharynx directly behind the oral cavity?
Fauces
What are the true and false vocal ligaments
True: vocal fold
False: vestibular fold
What covers the vocal ligament?
Mucosa; forming the vestibular fold
Talk about some mechanisms that prevent aspiration of food and water
- Epiglottis pushed down by bolus (not a perfect seal)
- Whole larynx moves up when swallowing (good seal)
- Piriform recess: ‘escape route’ for water that isn’t heavy enough to push down epiglottis
Describe the boundaries of the nasopharynx
Roof: sphenoid bone & pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Lateral wall: auditory tube
Floor: uvula
Posterior wall: superior constrictor
Describe the boundaries of the oropharynx
Roof: soft palate and uvula
Posterior wall: Fauces
Floor: epiglottis and lingual tonsils
Lateral wall: palatine tonsils
