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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 49 - Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx > Flashcards

Lecture 49 - Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the cells in the nasal cavity

A

Ciliated
Mucous
Highly vascular

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1
Q

What are the main structures?

A

Oral cavity
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavity

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2
Q

What things can damage the cilia on the respiratory epithelium?

A

Smoking

- paralyses the cilia

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3
Q

Why is the respiratory epithelium highly vascular?

A

Warming the air before it gets to the lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

What is the front part of the nose called?

What lines it?

A

Vestibule

Skin: tough and protective
Hair

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5
Q

Where are the turbinates?

A

On the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Where does phonation occur?

Which structures are also important for sound?

A

Produced in the larynx (voice box)

Nasal and oral cavity important for shaping the sound

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7
Q

What are the names of the turbinates?

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

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8
Q

What is an important function of the turbinates?

A

Turbulence: exposing the air to the warm vasculature for longer

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9
Q

In the nasal cavity empty?

A

No

Much of the space is taken up by the conchi

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10
Q

What is the general name of the holes in the bone in the face?

Why do we have them?

A

Paranasal sinuses

Makes the head lighter

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12
Q

What is nasal congestion?

A

Vasodilation and mucous production, blocking the nasal cavity

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13
Q

What are the names of the space under the concha?

A

Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus

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14
Q

What are the para nasal sinuses?

Name them

A

Spaces in bone around the nasal cavity

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinuses (many of them)
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

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15
Q

What lines the sinuses?

What does this mean?

A

Continuous mucosa from nasal cavity

Mucous
Vascular

–> inflammation, infection, pain –> sinusitis

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16
Q

Is it easy for bacteria to migrate up into the para nasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
The sinuses drain down into the nasal cavity

Maxillary:
Opening to the nasal cavity high up in the sinus –> easier for bacteria to migrate into sinus. Difficult to drain (against gravity)

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17
Q

Why does the top nostril clear out when lying on one’s side?

A

The top nostril will drain down into the bottom nostril under gravity

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18
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

Breathing (if the nose is congested)

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Anterior: Lips
Superior: Hard palate (maxilla and palatine bone), soft palate (muscles), uvula
Inferior: Mandible, Mylohyloid muscle, Tongue
Teeth

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20
Q

Describe the function of the tongue

A

Shaping the bolus
Speech
Taste

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21
Q

Describe the external structure of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3rd

Posterior 1/3

Groove: sulcus terminalis

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the anterior 2/3rds

A

Papillae:

• Vallate papillae
- just anterior to sulcus terminalis
• fungiform papillae
• filiform papillae
• foliate papillae
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23
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

24
Q

Describe the structure of the papilla

A

Taste buds found deep in the folds of the papillae

25
Q

What gives tongues rough appearance?

Describe them

A

Filiform papillae

• No taste buds

26
Q

What are the two categories of tongue muscles?

A

1\ Extrinsic
Origin: outside the tongue
Insertion: on tongue
- pull the tongue around in the oral cavity

2\ Intrinsic
Confined within the tongue

27
Q

Describe the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Change the shape of the tongue

Don’t change the position of the tongue

28
Q

Describe the teeth arrangement

A

On one side

  • 2 incisors
  • 1 canine
  • 2 premolars
  • 3 molars
29
Q

When do teeth erupt?

A

Childhood:
All teeth apart from third molar

Wisdom teeth: 18+ (third molar)

30
Q

Why are wisdom teeth removed?

A

The other teeth erupt much earlier and take up all the space in the mouth

Thus, the wisdom teeth grow laterally and encroach on the other teeth

31
Q

Describe the bony structure of the the larynx

A 
• Hyoid bone
Cartilaginous skeleton:
• epiglottis
• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
32
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

At the top of the trachea

33
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Adduction of vocal ligament

34
Q

How is the vocal ligament moved?

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

Swivelling of the arytenoid cartilage

35
Q

Describe the position of the vocal ligament when breathing

A

Abduction of vocal ligament

36
Q

What covers the vocal cords?

What does this form?

A

Mucosa
• vestibular fold
• vocal fold

37
Q

What does the mylohyloid ligament do?

A

Connects mandible to the hyoid bone

38
Q

What does the vocal ligament connect to posteriorally?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

39
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

How is it achieved?

A
  • Constrictor muscles
  • Contract sequentially to close off nasal, oral cavities and larynx
  • During swallowing
40
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

41
Q

What are the adenoids?

Where are they?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

• lateral wall of the nasopharynx

42
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Superior constrictor muscle
Medial constrictor muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle

43
Q

Where does the middle ear connect to?

Why?

A

Middle ear connects via Auditory Tube into the lateral wall of the Nasopharynx

Equalising pressure in the middle ear
(Eg. During plane journeys)

44
Q

What are THE tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsils

45
Q

What happens when the palatine tonsils are inflamed?

A

Impact on the space at the back of mouth

Pain during eating and swallowing

46
Q

What is the function of the immune tissue in the mouth?

A

Don’t know really

Important early in life for priming the immune system

47
Q

What is the name the cheek bone?

A

Maxilla

48
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Sitting on top of the posterior part of the cricoid cartilage

49
Q

What is located either side of the laryngeal inlet?

What is its function?

A

Piriform recess

Water flow into it instead of going into the laryngeal inlet

50
Q

Describe generally the muscles of the pharynx

A

Three groups of constrictors

Constrict sequentially to block off the nose, mouth and larynx

51
Q

What is the name of the connection between the laryngopharynx and the larynx?

A

Laryngeal inlet

52
Q

What is the name of the oropharynx directly behind the oral cavity?

A

Fauces

53
Q

What are the true and false vocal ligaments

A

True: vocal fold
False: vestibular fold

54
Q

What covers the vocal ligament?

A

Mucosa; forming the vestibular fold

55
Q

Talk about some mechanisms that prevent aspiration of food and water

A
  • Epiglottis pushed down by bolus (not a perfect seal)
  • Whole larynx moves up when swallowing (good seal)
  • Piriform recess: ‘escape route’ for water that isn’t heavy enough to push down epiglottis
56
Q

Describe the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Roof: sphenoid bone & pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Lateral wall: auditory tube
Floor: uvula
Posterior wall: superior constrictor

57
Q

Describe the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

Roof: soft palate and uvula
Posterior wall: Fauces
Floor: epiglottis and lingual tonsils
Lateral wall: palatine tonsils

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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