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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 17 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the four most common types of bone into which most bones can be classified

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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1
Q

What is the major division of the skeleton?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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2
Q

What are accessory bones?

A

These are evolutionary relics that appear as anomalies

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3
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

These are bones that are embedded in tendon

Eg. Patella

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4
Q

What are pneumatic bones?

A

These are bones that have been hollowed out during development to reduce the weight.

Eg. The skull and the sinuses of the face

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5
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the bone?

A

These are the regions that interact with other bones

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6
Q

What are the general features of long bones?

A
  • Proximal and Distal end
  • Shaft
  • Articular surfaces
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7
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Rich blood and nerve supply

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A

Inner: osteogenic
Outer: fibrous

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9
Q

What is the function of the endosteum?

A

Osteogenic

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10
Q

What are the different densities of bone?

A

Cancellous: spongy, holes
Compact: very dense

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11
Q

What and where is the medullary cavity?

A

It is the cavity in the shaft of the bone

Red and yellow bone marrow are found here

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12
Q

What is the different between red and yellow marrow?

A

Red: hematopoetic
Yellow: present in older people

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13
Q

There are no nerves inside the bone, yet when a bone is fractured, it is painful. Account for this

A

The pain comes from the tearing of the periosteum, which has a rich nerve supply

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14
Q

Differentiate between increasing width and length of bone

A

Increasing the width: inner periosteum and the endosteum

Increasing length: epiphysial line

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15
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical

16
Q

What is important about trabecular bone?

What is meant by this term?

A

Capable of resisting static forces, due to:

  • Special orientation of the spongy bone
17
Q

What are static forces?

A

Weight bearing forces

18
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

This is when the bone forms in membrane

Eg. The skull

19
Q

What are the structural layers of the skull bone?

A

Outer compact
Spongy bone
Inner compact

20
Q

What is the name of the triangular hole in the skull present at birth?

A

Fontanelle

21
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

This is when the bone forms in cartilage

22
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibro
Elastic

23
Q

How do most bones of the body form?

A

After about 2 months, the foetus has bones that have grown out of hyaline cartilage

Endochondral ossification

24
Q

Where does ossification first occur in bone?

A

At the primary centres in the shaft of the cartilage precursor

25
Q

Describe replacement of cartilage with bone

A

At the primary centre in the centre of the cartilage, replacement of cartilage with bone occurs, extending towards the ends

26
Q

What is the name for the shaft of the developing bone?

A

Diaphysis

27
Q

What is the name of the ends of the developing bones?

A

Epiphysis

28
Q

What is the name of the site of high metabolic activity and remodelling? Where is it?

A

Metaphysis

Forms the boundary of the diaphysis at each end

29
Q

Is the cartilage of the developing bone completely replaced with bone?

A

Yes, apart from at the Articular cartilage

The cartilage at the epiphysial plate is replaced after growth

30
Q

What are where is the nutrient foramen

A

Located in the middle of the shaft of the bone

Artery delivers bone forming cells

31
Q

Which cells are important for bone formation?

A

Osteoblasts: forming bone
Osteoclasts: remodelling bone

32
Q

What is the name of the cartilage that remains on the bone forever?

A

Articular cartilage

33
Q

What disorders can occur to the development of bone?

A

Achondroplasic dwarfism

Spontaneous mutation causes the long bones to stop growing. Other bones are unaffected

Chondrocytes fail to mature and enlarge

34
Q

Why are epiphyses clinically important?

A
  • indicate that growth is still occuring
  • if damaged, there may be problems with growth
  • indicate the age of an individual in a forensic setting
  • may be confused with a fracture
35
Q

What are the four types of arteries that deliver blood to bone?

A

Nutrient

Periosteal

Metaphysical

Epiphyseal

36
Q

What is clinically significant about the blood supply to bones?

A

End arteries: the only supply to the bone

If blocked, e bone receives no blood

37
Q

What are the two different types of fracture?

A

Simple fracture: no breaking through skin

Compound fracture: bone breaks through skin

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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