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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 2 - Nervous System I > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Nervous System I Flashcards

0
Q

What is the CNS surrounded by?

A

Bone

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1
Q

What is the major division of the nervous system?

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

Describe the difference in the neuraxis of quadrupeds and humans

A

Quadrupeds: neuraxis runs horizontally

Humans: neuraxis is vertical and curved at the head

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3
Q

What is the neuraxis?

A

Rostro - Caudal axis

Rostro: head
Caudal: tail

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4
Q

What is the dorsal ventral axis?

What is the more common term for humans?

A

Dorsal: stomach
Ventral: back

More common is anterior and posterior

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5
Q

Describe the different terms for the sections that can be taken of the brain, and of the body more generally

A

Coronal

Sagittal

Horizontal

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6
Q

Ganglia (such as dorsal root, chain etc. ) belong to which division of the nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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7
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Protective layers over the brain

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8
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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9
Q

What type of tissue are the meninges?

A

Connective

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10
Q

What is CSF?

Where is it located?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid - protects the brain

Lies in the sub arachnoid space

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11
Q

How does CSF return to circulation?

A

It drains out of the subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus, which is located within the dura mater.

This blood then goes back into venous return

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12
Q

Where and how is CSF made?

How much per day?

A

Made in the ventricles by specialised vasculature called the choroid plexus

1/2 L per day

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13
Q

What are the four ventricles in the body?

A

Two lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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14
Q

What happens if CSF isn’t properly returned to circulation?

A

Babies: hydrocephalus

Increase in intra-cranial pressure –> cerebro vascular accident

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15
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated in babies?

A

Catheter drains the fluid

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16
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

Pooling of blood in the brain

17
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

White: axons are myelinated

18
Q

What are the locations where a haematoma can occur in the brain?

A

Intracerebral: within brain tissue
Subdural - venous blood
Epidural - dura peeled away from skull, arterial blood

19
Q

Where is white matter found?

A

Interior of brain

Exterior of spinal cord

22
Q

Differentiate between the two types of transmission that occur within neurons and between neurons

A

Within neurons: electrical, fast

Between neurons: chemical, slower

23
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of thousands of axons in the PNS surrounded by connective tissue

24
Q

What are e connective tissue layers in nerves?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

25
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Sub-group of axons within a nerve, surrounded by the perineurium

26
Q

What does the endoneurium surround?

A

A single axon

27
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A
  • Recycle neurotransmitters
  • Maintain ionic composition of ECF
  • Blood brain barrier
28
Q

What type of cells are astrocytes?

A

Glial

29
Q

What is the structure of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • Many tight junctions

* Foot processes of the astrocytes

30
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

What does it do?

A

It is the largely impenetrable endothelium of the vasculature in the CNS

It lets only certain molecules into the interstitial fluid of the brain

31
Q

What are the various types of nerve present in the body?

How many of each?

A

Cranial: 12
Spinal: 31

32
Q

What are nerve plexes?

A

These are the nerves that supply the limbs in the cervical and lumar-sacral regions of the spinal cord

33
Q

What are the different nerve plexes?

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

34
Q

What is the role of the cranial nerves?

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Autonomic

of head and neck

35
Q

Which nerves are in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord?

A

Intercostal nerves

36
Q

Differentiate between afferent and efferent

Where do they enter and exit the CNS?

A

Afferent: towards CNS, Dorsal horn of spinal cord
Efferent: away from CNS, ventral horn

37
Q

Where do the myelin sheaths come from?

Compare in CNS and PNS

A

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

38
Q

How is neuronal action potential conduction sped up?

A

Saltatory conduction, myelin sheaths around the axon

39
Q

What situations could lead to an increase in intracranial pressure?

A

Haematoma
Tumour growth
Too much CSF

40
Q

What is the difference between astroglia and astrocytes?

A

No difference

41
Q

What are plexuses and where are they found?

A

Complex arrangements of nerve roots

Supply the limbs

42
Q

Where do the cranial nerves leave the CNS?

A

11: brain stem

Cranial nerve I leaves from brain

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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