Lecture 12 - Muscles Flashcards
Differentiate between the different types of movement
Flexion - Extension
Abduction - Adduction
Rotation, medial and lateral
Differentiate between the different planes of the body
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
What are the three different types of muscle? Sate whether they are: - voluntary / involuntary - striated / not - somatic / visceral
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Describe the connective tissue layers in muscle
Epimyseum
Perimyseum
Endomyseum
What are the three general parts of a muscle?
- belly
- origin
- insertion
What are the muscle ‘attachments’?
The origin and the insertion
What are muscle attachments made of?
May be fleshy or tendinius
Compare the arrangement of collagen fibres in tendons and ligaments
Tendons: parallel bundles of collagen fibres
Ligaments: bundles are more like a meshwork
Muscles can be many different shapes. List a few
Triangular Rhomboid Circular Strap Quadrate Fusiform
What is the difference between parallel and oblique muscle?
Parallel: length proportional to the range of movement of muscle
Oblique: power proportional to the mass
What are muscle compartments?
These contain muscles who all perform the same kind of movement.
For example, in the upper arm, there if the flexor compartment laterally and the extensor compartment medially
What are muscle compartments separated by?
Fascia
Septa
What is the function of a tendon?
Resist and transmit forces
What is a tendon sheath?
It is a covering over the tendon.
Its role is to protect the tendon where friction may pccur
Where a some tendon sheaths found?
I the hands and fingers
Tendon sheaths are susceptible to …
Infection
What is tenosynovitis?
It is inflammation of a tendon sheath due to repeated action
What are retinacula?
They form a compartment for nerves, blood vessels, tendons
These protect and hold tendons in position, preventing them from losing tension
Where are some retinacula found?
Wrist
Ankle
What are the different types of contraction of muscle?
Concentric
Isometric
Eccentric
What is eccentric contraction?
The muscle lengthens
Gently lowering a heavy object
What is isometric contraction?
The muscle stays the same length
Trying to move a fixed object
What is concentric contraction?
Give an example
The muscle shortens
Picking up a heavy object
What is the relationship between prime movers and antagonists?
Prime movers: responsible for a particular action
Antagonists: obstruct a particular action
What do synergists do?
They help muscles.
Eg in finger flexion, there may be unwanted flexion. The synergists help it to produce stronger finger flexion
What is another name for stabiliser muscles?
Fixators
What do fixators / stabilisers do?
They stabilise a joint to prevent excessive movement
Give an example of a stabiliser
Rotator cuff
What are the four ‘functional’ classifications of muscles?
Prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator
How are muscle injuries characterised?
Severity
Location
What are the gradients for muscle injury?
Type I
Type II
Type III
What are the different locations that muscle injury can occur?
Belly
Musculotendinous junction
Tendon
What sort of injuries are commonly seen in children?
Avulsion fractures
The muscle is stronger than the bone, and excessive force in the muscle causes a break in the bone at the weakest spot
What other types of muscles are prone to injury?
Muscles that cross two joints
Describe the various parts of the nerve supply to muscles
- Hilum: motor fibres
- Sensory afferent
- Sympathetic fibres to the vasculature of the muscle
Muscle can be invaded by …
Fat
Connective tissue
Bone
