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BIOM20002 - HSF > Lecture 44 - Gastrointestinal Tract 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 44 - Gastrointestinal Tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the largest viscus in the body?

A

The liver

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2
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Mainly Upper right quadrant

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Bile production
Metabolism
Filtering of blood

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4
Q

What are the two surfaces of the liver?

A

Diaphragmatic

Visceral

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5
Q

What are the features of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver?

A

Smooth

Anterior and superior

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6
Q

What are the features of the visceral surface of the liver?

A

Concaved - impressions

Posterior and inferior

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7
Q

Where does the liver lie in reference to the peritoneum?

A

Intraperitoneal

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8
Q

Describe the divisions of the liver

A

Two structural lobes:

  • large right
  • small left

Two functional lobes:

  • caudate
  • quadrate
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9
Q

What divides the two lobes of the liver?

A

Anterior: Falciform ligament

Posterior: Ligamentum venosum

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10
Q

Which border of the liver is important?

A

Inferior border
• sharp
• divides diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces

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11
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepartic duct
Portal vein

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12
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Brings blood from the heart to the liver

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13
Q

What does the hepatic duct do?

A

Delivers bile into the common bile duct / gall bladder

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14
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

Delivers blood from the other viscera to the liver

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15
Q

What brings blood away from the liver?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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16
Q

What enters the liver via the hilum?

A 
Nerves
Lymphatics
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic duct
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17
Q

Draw the anterior and posterior aspects of the liver

A

:-)

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18
Q

What are the two accessory lobes of the liver?

Draw this.

A

Caudate
Quadrate

See slide 9

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19
Q

What demarcates the two accessory lobes?

A

Left and right Sagittal fissures

and Porta hepatis

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20
Q

What is another name for the hilum in the liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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21
Q

Where does the gall bladder lie?

Draw it in situ

A

Nestled in groove on posterior surface of the right lobe

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22
Q

Describe the passage of bile from the liver to the duodenum.

A

Made in the liver
Exits liver by hepatic duct, which then becomes the common bile duct
Sphincter of Oddi closed → bile enters gall bladder
Stored and concentrated in the gall bladder
Exits gall bladder by cystic duct
Enters duodenum by major duodenal papilla

23
Q

What are the regions of the gall bladder?

A

Fundus
Body
Neck
Cystic duct

24
Q

Draw an annotated diagram of the gall bladder and associated ducts.

A

Refer to slide 11

>:(

25
Q

What pathology is associated with the gall bladder?

A

Gall stones

Due to over-concentrated bile

26
Q

Are gall stones painful?

A

If they remain in the gall bladder, they are silent

If they move and become lodged in the duct, it is very painful

27
Q

What does a gall stone look like

A

They are highly variable

28
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Left upper qudrant
Retroperitoneal

Nestled by the duodenum

29
Q

What are the four parts of the pancreas?

Draw this

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

Slide 13

30
Q

Which other organs is the pancreas associated with?

A

2-3 parts of duodenum

Spleen
Anterior left kidney

31
Q

Describe the exocrine function of the kidney

A
  1. Enzymes secreted into main pancreatic duct
  2. Main pancreatic duct joins with common bile duct
  3. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
  4. Major duodenal papilla

Also, some enzymes from the pancreas travel via the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla

32
Q

Describe the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes directly into the blood

eg. Insulin

33
Q

Why is the spleen the colour that it is?

A

Dark purple, because it is a reservoir for red cells

34
Q

What are the two surfaces of the spleen?

A

Diaphragmatic

Visceral

35
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left upper quadrant

In front of ribs 9,10,11

Near pancreas and fundus of stomach

36
Q

Describe the visceral surface of the spleen

A

Indentations from surrounding viscera

37
Q

What is the hilum of the spleen?

A

Blood vessels: arteries and veins

38
Q

How may the spleen become damaged?

What is the effect of this?

A
  • It is located directly in front of ribs 9,10,11
  • It is very soft, and can be lacterated by fractured ribs

Effect:
• Profuse bleeding into the peritoneal cavity

39
Q

Describe the path of the aorta

A

Exits from left ventricle
Runs down behind the oesophagus
Branches at L4 into common iliac arteries

40
Q

What are the sections of the aorta?

A

(Ascending
Aortic arch)

  • Thoracic aorta
  • Abdominal aorta

Comes through the diaphragm at T12 → now is abdominal aorta

41
Q

What is interesting about the abdominal aorta?

A

Many branches of arteries

42
Q

Describe the paired branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Paired branches go to:
• paired organs
• abdominal walls

  • Supra-renal → Adrenals
  • Renal arteries
  • Ovarian (testicular) arteries
  • Phrenic arteries
  • many Lumbar arteries
43
Q

Describe the unparied branches of the abdominal aorta

A

Unpaired branches go to unpaired organs
• Celiac trunk
• Superior mesenteric artery
• Inferior mesenteric artery

44
Q

Draw the abdominal aorta

A

Slide 19

45
Q

What are the three regions of the gut?

A

Foregut
Lidgut
Hindgut

46
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A 
Forgut and visceral derivates
• stomach
• liver
• spleen
• pancreas
• gall bladder
• duodenum up to major duodenal papilla
47
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A 
Hindgut
• 1/3 of transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• midway through anal canal
48
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A 
Midgut
• 3 and 4 of duodenum
• small intestine
• ascending colon
• proximal 2/3 of transverse
49
Q

Not all visceral derivates of the forgut receive their blood through direct branches of the coeliac trunk. Account for this

A

Intraperitoneal viscera receive their blood supply through their mesentery

50
Q

How does the superior mesenteric artery deliver blood?

A

Branches into the mesentery of the small intestine and ascending colon

51
Q

How does blood from the viscera get back into the heart?

A

Inferior vena cava

Paired organs & abdominal walls:
• drains directly into IVC

Unpaired organs
• portal system → liver
• then, IVC

52
Q

Describe the hepatic portal system

A
  1. Blood in unparied organs (stomach, spleen, intestines) drains into the portal vein
  2. Hepatic veins
  3. IVC
53
Q

What makes up the left sagittal fissure?

A
  • Ligamentum venosum

* Round ligament

BIOM20002 - HSF (60 decks)

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