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PSYC 474 > Lecture 13: Communication Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Communication Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

top-down influence of touch

A

Hedonic quality of touch is moderated by contextual variables and expectations

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2
Q

examples of the top-down influence of touch

A
  • Touch is rated as more pleasant when paired with a smiling (vs. frowning) face
  • The pleasantness of touch decreased when paired with a disgusting odour
  • Heterosexual men rate sensual touch as less pleasant when led to believe it’s delivered by another man; women are more likely to perceive touch from opposite-sex strangers as unpleasant
  • To be perceived positively, intimacy of touch must not exceed intimacy of relationship (particularly for women)
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3
Q

Top-down processing

A

the combination of cues and broader context both shape perception

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4
Q

2 keys components of top-down processing

A
  • signals of involvement
  • signals of positive affect
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5
Q

signals of involvement

A
  • Proxemics (interpersonal distance)
  • Increased gaze
  • Body movement & posture
  • Facial animation
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6
Q

Proxemics & liking

A

Increases liking for rewarding others, but decreases it for unrewarding others

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7
Q

Signals of positive affect & affection

A
  • verbal
  • touch
  • facial expessions
  • paralanguage
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8
Q

paralanguage and gender

A

Women are perceived as more affectionate when speaking in high pitched voice, whereas men—lower pitch

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9
Q

how do we gauge the sincerity of verbal communication?

A

by nonverbal cues

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10
Q

multimodal communication

A
  • More than just a combination of individual components
  • People are judged more likeable when display consistency among verbal and non-verbal cues, as well as among various kinds of non-verbal cues (behavioural consistency)
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11
Q

behavioural mimicry

A
  • People will often synchronize nonverbal behaviour
  • Often nonconscious, unintentional & effortless
  • Signals affiliative intent
  • Fosters liking
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12
Q

behavioural mimicry is more likely to occur when:

A
  • We feel a rapport with the other person
  • We hold affiliative intent or when our need for affiliation has been thwarted
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13
Q

when does behavioural mimicry not lead to liking?

A
  • When made to mimic a disliked person
  • When our partner is engaging in inappropriate amounts of behavioural mimicry
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14
Q

neural synchronization reserach study

A
  • Phase 1: participants watched ambiguous movie clips in an fMRI scanner
  • Phase 2: consensus-building conversation in groups
  • Phase 3: re-watch the original clip & new clips from the same movie
  • Conversation synchronizes brain activity within groups
  • We see this both for the original clip and the new clips
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15
Q

Hyperscanning

A
  • collecting fMRI or EEG data from two people simultaneously
  • Technique for assessing brain-to-brain synchrony
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16
Q

neural synchrony in partners findings

A
  • Neural synchrony is higher in romantic partners compared to strangers
  • Neural synchrony among romantic partners is higher during moments of social gaze and independent of speech duration and conversation content
  • For strangers, the overall duration of social gaze is positively correlated with neural synchrony
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17
Q

Generalized shared reality

A

shared perceptions of the world at large

18
Q

Generalized shared reality and closeness

A

Predicts feelings of closeness in the relationship

19
Q

shared reality research study

A
  • Phase 1: a threat to shared reality
  • Phase 2: joint decision-making task
  • Couples high on the baseline measure of shared reality respond to experimental threats to a sense of shared reality by engaging in motivated behaviour to reaffirm their shared reality
20
Q

brain activity and turn-taking in conversations

A
  • Coordination of brain activity may enable the extremely rapid back-and-forth of conversation
  • Modal conversational response time = 200 ms
21
Q

turn-taking in conversations

A
  • Minimizing the time between turns requires a lot of prediction
  • Figuring out where the partner is headed, preparing appropriate responses in advance, anticipating when a partner is likely to end their turn, anticipating a partner’s reaction
  • Therefore, response times may convey how well one is able to predict another, signalling the extent of social connection
22
Q

turn-taking round robin study

A
  • Rotate through conversational partners
  • Later, privately rate overall and moment-by-moment connections during interactions
  • Faster response times positively predict enjoyment and social connection
  • This is also true of conversations with friends
  • Connection is best predicted by partners’ response times
  • Outside observers use response times as an index of connection between participants
  • The same conversation was perceived as more connected and enjoyable when response times were artificially decreased
23
Q

response time and connection

A
  • There is likely a reciprocal relationship between response times & connection
  • Feelings of connection facilitate fast response times
  • Faster response times reinforce feelings of connection
24
Q

talking on slow mode

A
  • Faster response times may signal attention and understanding
  • But, fast responses are not always desirable (ex. conflict)
  • At certain times, slow responses may be desirable
25
Q

when are slow responses desirable?

A
  • Give space for reflection, savouring interaction
  • Slow response times in help-seeking situations (ex. Doctor-patient relationships) were associated with feeling heard and understood
  • Friends’ conversations have more long gaps than those of strangers
  • For friends, associated with heightened connections; for strangers, with awkwardness
  • Strangers are more likely to change topics following long gaps, whereas friends are more likely to persist with the same topics
26
Q

virtual communication

A

Virtual communication poses several challenges

27
Q

challenges with virtual communication

A
  • Lack of nonverbal cues
  • Fragmented interactions
28
Q

lack of nonverbal cues in virtual communication

A
  • Makes it harder to interpret messages
  • May impede synchronization
  • Ex. we see neural synchrony during face-to-face but not face-blocked conversations
  • May impose cognitive load
  • Fewer cues available for signalling involvement and affection
29
Q

fragmented interactions in virtual communication

A
  • Microdelays can impede synchronization
  • Misaligned eye contact
30
Q

month-long experience sampling study during COVID lockdowns

A
  • Mental health was better on days when people spent more time in face-to-face communication can usual
  • Face-to-face and digital communication, but not videoconferencing was linked to better mental health
31
Q

who created love languages?

A

Idea popularized by Baptist pastor Gary Chapman

32
Q

three central assumptions of love languages

A
  • Each person has a preferred love language (preferred way of expressing & receiving love)
  • There are 5 love languages: words of affirmation, quality time, receiving gifts, acts of service, and physical touch
  • Couples are more satisfied when partners speak one another’s preferred love language
33
Q

do we have a primary love language?

A
  • People tend to endorse all 5 love languages as meaningful ways of expressing love and feeling love
  • Primary love language as identified by forced-choice measure is not reliably associated with scores on continuous measure
  • Ex. some studies using continuous measures find that gifts are rated most highly but only 0-4% of participants select this as their primary love language on a forced-choice measure
34
Q

do we need to speak the same love language to be happy?

A
  • There is no evidence that couples who match on primary love languages are happier than those who do not
  • All love languages are positively associated with relationship satisfaction regardless of a person’s preference for love language
  • May be more accurate to say that maintaining successful relationships requires a balanced diet
35
Q

why are love langauges so popular?

A
  • The quiz is helpful as a diagnostic tool for self-reflection
  • The label and intuitive metaphors it provides help us articulate our needs
  • But we need to be careful of oversimplifying relationship processes
  • Ex. discounting partners who don’t match our primary love language
36
Q

Are some people better at reading nonverbal cues to close the interpersonal gap than others?

A
  • Miscommunication can stem from both failures of encoding and failures of decoding
  • We can tease this apart by using behavioural observation
  • Women tend to be better encoders and decoders, although they are not better at picking up on deception and tend to be more indirect than men
  • Women are particularly better at sending positive messages
  • Men don’t realize that they are miscommunicating (overconfidence)
  • Men perform particularly poorly in unhappy marriages, although other research has shown that both men and women communicate more poorly with each other when unhappy
37
Q

emotional intelligence

A

individual variation in the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions

38
Q

emotional intelligence by gender

A

Tends to be higher in women

39
Q

expressivity

A

warmth, compassion, sensitivity

40
Q

expressivity by gender

A

Traditionally considered feminine traits and indeed generally higher in women, but men can be expressive too

41
Q

expressivity and communication

A
  • Facilitate intimate communication– more comfort in expressing feelings
  • Women tend to self-disclose more and elicit more self-disclosure (although on structured lab tasks, all-male dyads benefit from disclosure too)
42
Q

is communication a skill or is it about motivation?

A
  • In unhappy marriages, we can still communicate well with strangers
  • Recall that motivation is important
  • Men’s performance is increased when motivation is higher, although still not quite as good as women

PSYC 474 (39 decks)

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