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PSYC 474 > Chapter 1: The Building Blocks of Relationships > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Building Blocks of Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

the diversity of intimate relationships

A

Intimate relationships come in all shapes and sizes

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2
Q

how to intimate relationships differ from more casual associations?

A
  1. Knowledge
  2. Interdependence
  3. Caring
  4. Trust
  5. Responsiveness
  6. Mutuality
  7. Commitment
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3
Q

the need to belong

A
  • Humans have a fundamental need to belong, which requires regular social contact with those to whom one feels connected
  • Our well-being seems to depend on how well we satisfy the need to belong
  • It was evolutionarily beneficial for humans to form attachments to others
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4
Q

changes in cultural norms surounding marriage since the 1950s

A
  • Fewer people are getting married
  • People are getting married older
  • More people are getting divorced
  • More people are choosing to remain single
  • More couples cohabitate before marriage
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5
Q

singlism

A

prejudice and discrimination against those who choose to remain single and opt not to devote themselves to a primary romantic relationship

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6
Q

impact of cohabitation on relationships

A
  • The longer people cohabit, the less enthusiastic about marriage and the more accepting of divorce they become
  • This is probably one of the reasons that fewer people get married and fewer marriages last
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7
Q

sources of change in relationships over time

A
  • economics
  • individualism
  • technology
  • sex ratio
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8
Q

economics and relationships

A

more industrialized and affluent societies tend to harbour more single people, tolerate more divorces, and support a later age of marriage

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9
Q

individualism and relationships

A

Western cultures increasingly support self-expression and personal fulfillment

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10
Q

technology and relationships

A

women can control their fertility and couples are constantly connected

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11
Q

technoference

A

the frequent interruption of interactions caused by various technological devices

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12
Q

phubbing

A

when one partner snubs another by focusing on a phone

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13
Q

sex ratio

A

a simple count of the number of men for every 100 women in a specific population

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14
Q

interpreting sex ratio

A
  • A low ratio indicates more women than men
  • A high ratio indicates more men than women
  • Cultures with high sex ratios tend to support traditional gender roles
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15
Q

Bowlby’s attachment styles in infants

A
  • Bowlby observed different attachment styles in infants when they were separated from their primary caregiver
  • This concept has since been applied to adult relationships
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16
Q

four types of attachmetn styles

A
  • secure
  • preoccupied
  • fearful
  • dismissing
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17
Q

secure attachment style

A

It is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. I don’t worry about being alone or having others not accept me

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18
Q

preoccupied attachment style

A

I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I other find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as I value them

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19
Q

fearful attachment style

A

I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely or to depend on them. I worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others.

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20
Q

dismissing attachment style

A

I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient and I prefer not to depend on others and have others depend on me

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21
Q

early experiences and relationships

A

Researchers believe that early interpersonal experiences shape the course of one’s subsequent relationships

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22
Q

2 dimensions of attachment styles

A

avoidance of intimacy and anxiety about abandonment

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23
Q

avoidance of intimacy

A

the ease and trust with which people accept independent intimacy with others

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24
Q

anxiety about abandonment

A

the dread that others will find them unworthy and leave them

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25
Q

low avoidance of intimacy and anxiety about abandonment

A

secure

26
Q

low avoidance of intimacy and high anxiety about abandonment

A

preoccupied

27
Q

low anxiety about abandonment and high avoidance of intimacy

A

dismissing

28
Q

high anxiety about abandonment and high avoidance of intimacy

A

fearful

29
Q

critique of attachment styles

A

The use of the four attachment styles is arbitrary in the middle ranges of anxiety and avoidance

30
Q

biggest distinction in attachment styles

A

The biggest distinction in attachment styles is between those who are secure and those who are insecure

31
Q

parenting and the development of attachment styles

A

Secure moms tend to have secure children and insecure moms tend to have insecure children

32
Q

life history theory

A

harsh or unpredictable environments lead young adults to pursue fast strategies of mating in which they mature faster, have sex sooner, and have more children (and at a younger age)

33
Q

attachment style over time

A
  • Our attachment style tends to be stable and long-lasting but can fluctuate
  • Those who want to become less anxious or avoidant usually succeed in doing so
34
Q

attachment style and marital satisfaction

A

Marriages are happier when both spouses have secure attachment styles

35
Q

sex differences in relationships

A
  • There are some sex differences, but they are quite small
  • The range of behaviour and opinions among members of a given sex is huge compared to the average difference between the sexes
  • The overlap in behaviour and opinions is so large that many members of one sex will always score higher than the average member of the other sex
36
Q

gender differences in relationships

A

differ from sex differences in that they are a product of culture, not biology

37
Q

androgynous

A

competencies that are stereotypically associated with being male and female

38
Q

expressive traits

A

traditionally feminine social and emotional skills

39
Q

instrumental traits

A

traditionally male task-oriented skills

40
Q

how many people possess both instrumental and expressive traits?

A

35%

41
Q

how should we think of expressive and instrumental traits?

A

We should think of expressive and instrumental traits as independent dimensions that can be high or low, resulting in people who are gender-conforming, cross-typed, undifferentiated, or androgynous

42
Q

intimate relationships of trans people

A

The intimate relationships of trans people seem to operate the same as anyone else’s, though it may be initially harder for them to find a partner who is accepting

43
Q

what couples get along the least well?

A

traditional men and traditional women

44
Q

____ men have romantic relationships of lower quality than more _____ men

A

traditional; expressive

45
Q

personality and relationships

A
  • People who are high in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience tend to have happier relationships
  • Negative emotionality has a strong negative effect on relationship satisfaction
  • Other personality traits like selfishness and humility impact relationship satisfaction
46
Q

the big 5

A

open-mindedness, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, negative emotionality

47
Q

open-mindedness

A

the degree to which people are imaginative, curious, unconventional, and artistic vs. conforming, uncreative, and stodgy

48
Q

extraversion

A

the extent to which people are assertive and sociable vs. cautious, reclusive and shy

49
Q

conscientiousness

A

the extent to which people are dutiful, dependable, responsible, and orderly vs. unreliable, disorganized, and careless

50
Q

agreeableness

A

the degree to which people are compassionate, cooperative, good-natured, and trusting vs. suspicious, selfish, and hostile

51
Q

negative emotionality

A

the degree to which people are prone to fluctuating moods and high levels of negative emotion, such as worry, anxiety, and anger

52
Q

self-esteem

A

our evaluations of ourselves

53
Q

sociometer theory

A

argues that self-esteem is a subjective gauge that measures the quality of our relationships with others. When other people regard us positively, our self-esteem is high

54
Q

self-esteem and relationships

A
  • People with low self-esteem sometimes sabotage their relationships by underestimating their partners’ love for them
  • People with high self-esteem draw closer to their partners when difficulties arise, but those with low self-esteem withdraw
  • Our self-esteem seems to result from and then subsequently steer our interpersonal relationships
55
Q

sexual orientation

A

comprised of our identities, sexual attractions, and actual sexual behaviours

56
Q

sexual orientation and relationships

A
  • Sexual orientation is best understood as a continuum
  • The social environments of LGB couples can differ from those of heterosexual couples, but the intimacy of their relationship doesn’t
  • L & G couples tend to have more satisfying relationships than heterosexual couples
  • Bisexual people tend to be less satisfied in their romantic relationships due to misunderstanding and disapproval from others
57
Q

3 fundamental assumptions of evolutionary psychology

A
  1. sexual selection
  2. Men and women should differ from one another only to the extent that they have faced different reproductive dilemmas
  3. Cultural influences determine whether evolved patterns of behaviour are adaptive
58
Q

sexual selection

A

the advantages that result in greater success at reproduction

59
Q

critics of the evolutionary psychology approach

A

emphasize the role of culture

60
Q

women vs. men’s parenting styles according to evolutionary psychology

A
  • Women have greater parental investment in their children: they must dedicate more time and energy to every child they produce
  • Men have paternity uncertainty: they don’t know for sure that their partner’s child is theirs
61
Q

the influence of interaction

A
  • Relationships are more than the sum of their parts
  • The mutual influence of partners can produce a constantly changing variety of outcomes
62
Q

the dark side of relationships

A
  • Relationships can be distressing and can lead to a loss of autonomy and abandonment
  • But, they are necessary because we are an inherently social species

PSYC 474 (39 decks)

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