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PSYC 474 > Lecture 12: Communication Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Communication Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

interpersonal gap

A

disconnect between what the sender intends to communicate and the effect of the communication on the perceiver

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2
Q

sender

A
  • Private knowledge of what they wish to convey
  • Must be encoded into verbal & nonverbal actions
  • Various factors may interfere: skill, inhibition, mood, and distractions in the environment
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3
Q

recipient

A
  • Decode sender’s actions
  • Potential interference: skill, biases, mood, distractions in the environment
  • Interpretation (again private)
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4
Q

relational consequences of communication

A
  • Interpersonal gap may contribute to frustration and dissatisfaction in relationships
  • In unhappy couples, intent isn’t necessarily more negative, but impact is
  • Communication shapes how and whether relationships begin, how they unravel in the end, and everything in between
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5
Q

interpersonal gap in close relationships

A

This gap may sometimes appear more frequently in close than casual relationships

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6
Q

perspective-taking

A
  • For successful communication, we need to recognize that others do not see the world exactly as we do
  • Differing knowledge, expectations, motivations, and visual perspectives
  • A skill that is developed over time
  • Young children do not distinguish between what they know & what others know
  • Ex. poor performance on Director Task
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7
Q

director task

A
  • A confederate acts as a director
  • Both the participant and director look at a cubby from different perspectives
  • The director will ask the confederate to select an item (ex. The smallest car)
  • They then assess how well the participant is able to take the director’s perspective
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8
Q

perspective-taking over time

A
  • We still show egocentric bias even as adults
  • We become better at effortfully correcting initial egocentric interpretations by taking into account the difference between the self and others’ perspectives
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9
Q

false consensus effect

A

we overestimate the extent to which others share our attitudes & feelings

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10
Q

curse of knowledge

A

we use our own knowledge as a guide to other’s knowledge

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11
Q

illusion of transparency

A

we overestimate the extent to which our internal states are accessible to others

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12
Q

dual process model of cognition

A
  • Stage 1: automatic, effortless default (leans egocentric)
  • Stage 2: effortful correction
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13
Q

Differences between children & adults on the Director Task

A
  • Adults make fewer mistakes (but still make some)
  • Adults and children do not differ in their tendency to look at the egocentric object
  • This suggests that adults are just more likely to correct for the egocentric bias
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14
Q

corollaries

A
  • Egocentric biases are increased under cognitive load
  • Distractions, fatigue, stress
  • Motivation can decrease egocentric bias
  • But lack of motivation can increase it
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15
Q

Why are we sometimes more egocentric when communicating with close others?

A
  • Inclusion of others in the self
  • We may overestimate the extent to which close others share our perspective
  • We assume that a stranger’s perspective is different & pay more attention
  • But we let our guard down when it comes to a close other’s perspective
  • Ex. less correction on the Director Task when with a friend vs. a stranger
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16
Q

gauging & communicating romantic interest

A
  • Strong approach-avoid conflict in relationship-initiation contexts (Want to get closer to partner, but don’t want to be embarrassed or hurt)
  • Social norms against being too direct
  • We rely on less direct & efficient methods instead
  • Make approach in an indirect, ambiguous way (partner must infer meaning)
  • Communicate respect for the partner’s autonomy & lessen the sense of obligation
  • Communicate that you do not want to impinge
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17
Q

trial intimacy moves

A

escalate physical & psychological intimacy to see how the other person responds

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18
Q

examples of trial intimacy moves

A

escalating touch/proximity, reciprocity of self-disclosure

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19
Q

Escalating touch/proximity

A

move closer, and see how the other person responds

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20
Q

Reciprocity: self-disclosure

A

do they reciprocate the disclosure?

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21
Q

Diminishing self

A

making self-deprecating comments in the hope of reassurance

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22
Q

withdrawing

A

testing to see whether the partner will sustain the interaction

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23
Q

hazing

A

testing to see whether the target will provide some favour or service at a cost to themselves

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24
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A
  • Occurs when you observe others behaving similarly to you, but conclude that the behaviour reflects different underlying feelings & motivations
  • Recognize the influence of social inhibitions on one’s own behaviour (ex. Fear of social disapproval, embarrassment) but not other’s behaviour
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25
Q

prevalence of pluralistic ignorance

A
  • Over 75% of participants report that fear of rejection has prevented them from pursuing a romantic relationship
  • But we’re less likely to believe that potential partners had been inhibited by fear of rejection
  • We attribute our own inaction to a fear of rejection and other’s inaction to a lack of interest
26
Q

signal amplification bias

A

We systematically overestimate how much interest our signals convey

27
Q

augmenting principle

A

we expect that a target will take into account the inhibitory forces acting on our behaviour

28
Q

illusion of transparency

A
  • The target does not have access to the internal states that we do
  • Thus, we generally underestimate how much other people fear rejection
29
Q

attachment anxiety and communication

A
  • Anxiously attached individuals overestimate interest conveyed by their romantic overtures
  • Feel especially inhibited and so are especially likely to think they look inhibited to others
  • Expect the recipient to augment the signal, which doesn’t happen
  • Bigger gap between behaviour & meta-perceptions (regardless of the actual level of behaviour)
  • Temporary increases in fear of rejection (ex. Reflecting on previous rejection experience) have the same effect
30
Q

risky communications

A
  • Not just relationship initiation or “defining the relationship” moments
  • Could play a role any other time there is a heightened sense of vulnerability
  • We overestimate warmth conveyed by any (potentially invisible) positive overtures -> sense of hurt, lashing out
  • This may help explain why rejection sensitivity is associated with lower relationship satisfaction
31
Q

nonverbal communication

A
  • Not just what we say, but also what we do
  • Gestures, posture, facial expressions, tone of voice, touch, and physical appearance
32
Q

functions of nonverbal communication

A
  • providing information
  • regulating interaction
  • defining the nature of the relationship
  • interpersonal influence
  • impression management
33
Q

providing information

A

nonverbal information can be informative for making inferences about the sender’s mood, intentions, traits, and meaning behind their words

34
Q

regulating interaction

A

subtle nonverbal cues allow people to take turns in a conversation smoothly

35
Q

defining the nature of the relationship

A

nonverbal actions express intimacy and carry signals of power and status

36
Q

interpersonal influence

A

nonverbal information can be used to influence someone else

37
Q

impression management

A

nonverbal behaviour can be used by an individual or a couple to convey a certain image of the self or the relationship

38
Q

evidence for the universality of emotional expression

A
  • Collected 3,000 photographs of people portraying anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. People in Japan, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the U.S. were asked to identify the emotion and had 70-90% accuracy
  • Isolated tribe in Papua New Guinea living in preindustrial hunter-gatherer-like conditions. They were able to recognize Western emotions with above-chance accuracy. The reverse is true as well: Americans were able to recognize emotions displayed by the tribe members
  • Cross-species similarities in emotional displays
  • Congenitally blind people express emotions in the same way that sighted people do
39
Q

functionalist view of emotion

A
  • Emotions do something (adaptive response to environmental challenges)
  • One of those functions is a signalling function
40
Q

example of cultural variation in emotional expression

A

Expressions of shame are universal but more pronounced in collectivistic vs. individualistic cultures

41
Q

display rules

A

culturally specific rules that govern how, when, and to whom people express emotions

42
Q

result of display rules

A

Can intensify (exaggerate), de-intensify (minimize), neutralize (poker face), or mask

43
Q

are display rules always successful?

A

Not always successful: cues of inauthenticity, microexpressions

44
Q

social gaze

A
  • Rich source of information about mental/emotional states
  • Signal attention & interest
  • Can promote social bonding
  • May facilitate approach in relationship initiation context by reducing uncertainty
  • Helps regulate interactions
  • Communicates intimacy
  • Communicates dominance
45
Q

example of using the social gaze as a source of information

A

Ex. people can often glean expressions from just looking at someone’s eyes

46
Q

using the social gaze to signal attention & interest

A
  • May not be entirely under our control
  • Ex. pupil dilation in response to emotional and sexual arousal
  • This is used by perceivers to evaluate sexual interest
47
Q

using the social gaze to promote social bonding

A
  • Mutual gaze increases feelings of attraction & love
  • Increases self-disclosure
48
Q

high openers

A

individuals who are good at eliciting self-disclosure (communicate more interest and attentiveness through gaze & other channels)

49
Q

using the social gaze to regulate interactions

A
  • Lets us know whether someone is open to approach
  • Provides feedback on how the message is received
  • Helps negotiate turn-taking
  • Ex. tend to look at partner less when speaking (vs. listening): shift gaze back to partner to signal end of turn
50
Q

using the social gaze to communicate intimacy

A

Lovers spend more time gazing at each other

51
Q

using the social gaze to communicate dominance

A
  • Normally, look at partner 40% of the time when speaking, 60% when listening
  • Reversed for powerful, high-status individuals
52
Q

Higher visual dominance ratio

A

% looking while speaking / % looking while listening

53
Q

social touch

A
  • We possess a finely tuned tactile communication system
  • Communicates emotion
  • Can decode anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude, sympathy through touch
  • Can also decode these emotions by watching others communicate through touch
54
Q

social touch & intimacy

A
  • Can infer couples’ level of intimacy from touch
  • Duration, body part (touch to more vulnerable body parts considered more intimate))
  • Quantity of touch increases as the relationship emerges, peaks in the intermediate stages of dating, declines in the first year of marriage
  • Happily married couples use more intimate touch than less happy couples
  • Can signal care, affection, and concern
  • Can therefore be considered a nonverbal form of responsiveness
  • Increases sense of intimacy
55
Q

touch & attachment

A
  • Important means through which partners regulate each other’s emotions
  • Contributes to a sense of security, boosts positive affect, alleviates pain, stress, and psychological distress (safe haven in attachment terms)
  • Signals the “all-clear” to the nervous system, downregulating metabolically expensive stress responses and reducing threat vigilance
56
Q

touch & attachment in animals

A

Social grooming in primates reduces physiological (e.g., heart rate, glucocorticoid levels) and behavioural (scratching, yawning) markers of stress; attenuates heart rate acceleration after encounter with dominant conspecific

57
Q

touch & attachment in humans

A

Touching or holding a loved one’s hand reduces physical pain, neural activation in response to threat of pain, hormonal stress response

58
Q

touch & attachment avoidance

A

Avoidantly attached individuals engage in less touch (less comfortable with intimacy)

59
Q

are avoidants indifferent to the effects of touch?

A
  • Positive association between touch & well-being regardless of the level of avoidance
  • Lack of touch mediates the relationship between avoidance & lower well-being
60
Q

nonverbal cues of affection in avoidants

A
  • In general, nonverbal cues of affection may be particularly beneficial for avoidants
  • Tend to be distrustful of others; nonverbal communication is perceived as more trustworthy than verbal

PSYC 474 (39 decks)

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