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PSYC 474 > Chapter 6: Intederpendency > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Intederpendency Flashcards

1
Q

interdependency

A

exists when we need others and they need us to obtain valuable interpersonal rewards

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2
Q

assumption behind interdependency theories

A

we seek the most fulfilling relationships that are available to us

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3
Q

social exchange

A

the process by which people provide each other with benefits and rewards that the other wants

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4
Q

rewards

A

anything within an interaction that is desirable and welcome and that brings enjoyment or fulfillment to the recipient

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5
Q

costs

A

punishing, undesirable experiences

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6
Q

outcome

A

the net profit or loss a person encounters, all things considered

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7
Q

outcomes formula

A

Outcomes = rewards - costs

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8
Q

outcomes vs. expectations

A

Whether our outcomes are positive or negative isn’t as important as our expectations and perceptions.

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9
Q

comparison level

A

the value of outcomes that we’ve come to expect and believe we deserve in our dealings with others

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10
Q

what determines our comparison level?

A

our past experiences

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11
Q

interpreting CL

A
  • If your outcomes fall above your CL, you’re happy
  • If your outcomes fall below your CL, you’re unhappy
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12
Q

Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)

A

he outcomes you’d receive by leaving your current relationship and moving to the best alternative partnership or situation you have available

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13
Q

CLalt determines

A

our dependence on our relationships (if we believe we’re doing as well as we possibly can, we depend on our partners and the greater the gap between our current outcomes and our poorer alternatives, the more dependent we are)

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14
Q

investments

A

the things one would lose if the relationship were to end

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15
Q

investments influence ____

A

how likely one is to stay in a relationship

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16
Q

what determines CLalt

A

what a person thinks it is

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17
Q

what is necessary for someone to influence your CLalt

A

you have to be aware of them

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18
Q

satisfaction vs. dependence

A

Satisfaction and dependence are correlated

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19
Q

dependence formula

A

Outcomes - CLalt = dependence or independence

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20
Q

4 types of relationships

A
  1. happy and stable
  2. unhappy but stable
  3. happy but unstable
  4. unhappy and unstable
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21
Q

happy and stable relationship

A

a person’s outcomes exceed their CL and CLalt, so they are content and unlikely to leave

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22
Q

unhappy but stable relationship

A

a person’s outcomes fall below their CLs, but are still higher than their CLalts, so they aren’t content but are unlikely to leave

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23
Q

happy but unstable relationship

A

a person’s CLalt is higher than their outcomes, but their CL is lower, so they’re satisfied but believe that they have more attractive outcomes somewhere else

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24
Q

unhappy and unstable relationship

A

a person’s outcomes are lower than both their CL and CLalt, so they are unsatisfied and likely to leave

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25
Q

CL and CLalt over time

A
  • If your CL goes up and your outcomes remain, satisfaction wanes
  • Once you get used to the perfect partner, you may derive less pleasure from their pampering over time
  • Getting married increases happiness initially, but over time, people are only as happy, on average, as they had been before they got married
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26
Q

principle of lesser interest

A

the partner who depends less on a relationship has more power in that relationship

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27
Q

culture and CL and CLalt

A
  • Cultural changes have increased our CLs and CLalts
  • When CLs and CLalts are both high, people are more likely to find themselves in unhappy and unstable relationships
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28
Q

good vs. bad events in relationships

A

Undesirable events in close relationships are more noticeable and influential than logically equivalent desirable events

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29
Q

satisfaction ratio

A

To stay satisfied with a close relationship, we need to maintain a rewards-to-costs ratio of at least 5 to 1

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30
Q

satisfaction ratio study

A

classified couples as high- or low-risk for divorce based on behavioural codings of the couples discussing their last argument. They found that 4 years later, 56% of high-risk couples were divorced and only 24% of the low-risk couples were.

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31
Q

potential reasons for undesirable events being more noticeable in realtionships

A
  • Romantic partners may not notice all of the loving and affectionate behaviours their lovers provide
  • Partners may disagree about the meaning and value of the rewards they exchange
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32
Q

approach motivation

A

a motivation to gain desirable experiences

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33
Q

avoidance motivation

A

a motivation to avoid undesired experiences

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34
Q

approach vs. avoidance motivation

A
  • Approach and avoidance motivations operate independently
  • The status of any relationship can be defined by how well you are fulfilling both your approach and avoidance goals
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35
Q

Flourishing relationship

A

both approach and avoidance goals are fulfilled

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36
Q

Distressed relationship

A

neither approach nor avoidance goals are fulfilled

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37
Q

Precarious relationship

A

approach goals are fulfilled but avoidance goals are not

38
Q

Boring relationship

A

avoidance goals are fulfilled but approach goals are not

39
Q

Boredom

A
  • Characterized by tedium, disinterest, and a lack of energy
  • Occurs when nothing enticing, intriguing or new is occurring in an intimate relationship
40
Q

strength of approach and avoidance motivations

A

The chronic strength of approach and avoidance motivations in our relationships differs from person to person

41
Q

impact of high approach motivations

A

People who have high approach motivations are generally more content

42
Q

self-expansion model

A

we are attracted to partnerships that expand the range of our interests, skills, and experiences

43
Q

self-expansion model over time

A

Self-expansion usually slows once a partner becomes familiar

44
Q

rewards and costs over time

A

After a period of initial excitement, most relationships hit a lull in which pleasure stalls

45
Q

Model of relational turbulence

A

we should expect a period of adjustment and turmoil as new partners become accustomed to their increasing

46
Q

turbulence outside of the model of relational turbulence

A

Turbulence can also occur down the road if a relationship undergoes a major transition

47
Q

doubt and marriage study

A

When people have doubts about whether they should get married, they’re much more likely to get a divorce later on, especially women

48
Q

marital satisfaction over time

A

Marital satisfaction generally decreases over time but ¼ of couples don’t experience this decline

49
Q

Spouses who tend to stay happy _____

A
  • Have secure attachment styles
  • Are low in negative emotionality
  • Are high in self-esteem
  • Start their marriages being happier
  • Discuss touchy issues without anger
  • Encounter relatively few stressors
  • Keep their expectations in check so that their CLs don’t get too high
50
Q

Why do more realistic expectations lead to greater relationship satisfaction?

A
  • Relationships are more satisfying when people work at it
  • Interdependency magnifies conflict and friction
  • Intimacy gives people ammunition to hurt our feelings, whether intentionally or unintentionally
  • There are always surprises
51
Q

two types of surprises in relationships

A
  • Learning the truth about things we thought we knew (ex. Fatal attractions)
  • Learning things you didn’t know at all
52
Q

Marital satisfaction decreases because:

A
  • Of a lack of effort
  • Interepdency is a magnifying glass
  • Of access to weaponry
  • Of unwelcome surprises
  • Of unrealistic expectations
53
Q

the nature of interdependency

A
  • If we want to keep valuable relationships going, it’s to our advantage to ensure that our partner is just as dependent on us as we are on them
  • So, people engage in compassionate and thoughtful behaviours toward their partners to main each other’s well-being
54
Q

exchange relationships

A

people do favours for others, expecting to be repaid by receiving comparable benefits in return

55
Q

communal relationships

A
  • Partners feel a special concern for the other’s well-being and they provide favours and support to one another without expecting repayment
  • Tend to be stronger relationships
56
Q

communal strength

A

the motivation to be responsive to a particular partner’s needs

57
Q

what happens when communal strength increases?

A

people enjoy making small sacrifices for their partners, so they are more generous, providing more small kidnesses, so both they and their partners are happier as a result

58
Q

principles of exchange in communal relationships

A

The principles of exchange still apply in communal relationships

59
Q

what happens to communal relationships if their outcomes start falling?

A

they can revert to exchange relationships

60
Q

exchange and communal relationships vs. interdependence theory

A

A distinction between exchange and communal relationships is compatible with interdependence theory

61
Q

equity theory

A

extends the framework of social exchange to assert that people are most satisfied in relationships where there is proportional justice

62
Q

proportional justice

A

each partner gains benefits from the relationship that are proportional to their contributions to it

63
Q

A relationship is equitable when

A

your outcomes / your contributions = your partner’s outcomes / your partner’s contributions

64
Q

overbenefited

A

when one partner receives better outcomes than they deserve

65
Q

underbenefited

A

wwhen one partner receives worse outcomes than they deserve

66
Q

consequence of inequitable relationships

A

Everyone is nervous

67
Q

interdependence vs. equity theory

A

Some studies show that good outcomes are more important and others show that fairness is more important

68
Q

Potential reasons for conflicting results in interdependence vs. equity theory studies

A
  • Some people are more concerned with fairness in interpersonal relations than others are
  • Equity may be more important in some domains than others
  • Equity is a salient issue when people are dissatisfied, but it’s only a minor issue when people are content
69
Q

when is equity especially important?

A

for child care and household tasks

70
Q

interdependence vs equity theory conclusion

A

both the quality of global outcomes people receive and underbenefit play important roles in determining how satisfactory and enduring a relationship will be. Equity doesn’t improve a relationship if it’s highly rewarding. Outcome level matters more than inequity does

71
Q

feminism and romance

A
  • Women enjoy happier, healthier, and more stable romantic relationships when they are partnered with men who are feminists
  • Female feminists are less hostile toward men than other women are
  • Men who are partnered with feminist women enjoy more stable relationships and more sexual satisfaction
72
Q

Satisficers

A

people who pursue partners that meet their expectations but who stop shopping when they find a desirable mate

73
Q

Maximizers

A

people who want to optimize their outcomes and enjoy maximum satisfaction, so they keep evaluating their options

74
Q

maximizers and greed

A

Maximizers are comparatively greedy, which leads them to be less satisfied with the friends they choose and the lovers they attract than satisficers are

75
Q

commitment

A

a desire for a relationship to continue and the willingness to work to maintain it

76
Q

3 themes of commitment

A
  1. Partners expect the relationship to continue
  2. They hold a long-term view, foreseeing a future that involves their partners
  3. They are psychologically attached to each other so that they are happier when their partners are happy too
77
Q

The investment model of commitment

A

satisfaction and investments are both positively related to commitment. However, high-quality alternatives undermine commitment

78
Q

research on the investment model

A

Research supports the investment model quite well

79
Q

criticism of the investment model

A

One’s forecast of how satisfying the partnership will be in the future impacts commitment, which the investment model doesn’t consider

80
Q

Commitment readiness

A
  • Feeling ready and wanting to be in a committed relationship
  • Makes commitment more likely
81
Q

three types of commitment

A

personal, constraint, and moral

82
Q

personal commitment

A

occurs when people want to continue a relationship because they are attracted to their partners and the relationship is satisfying

83
Q

what is the strongest type of commitment?

A

personal

84
Q

constraint commitment

A

occurs when people feel they have to continue a relationship because it would be too costly for them to leave

85
Q

moral commitment

A

occurs when people feel like they ought to continue a relationship because it would be improper to end it and break their promises or vows

86
Q

avoidance and interdependency

A

Those high in avoidance are more attentive to their alternatives, have higher CLalts, and tend to be less committed to their present partners. They have weaker approach motivations, perceive intimate connections to be less rewarding than secure people do, and are less motivated to pursue fulfillment from their partnerships with others

87
Q

abandonment anxiety and commitment

A

Those high in abandonment anxiety have stronger avoidance motivations and tend to be less satisfied with their relationships

88
Q

Accommodation

A

people refrain from responding to provocation from their partners with a similar ire of their own

89
Q

the consequences of commitment

A
  • Commitment leads people to be better able to tolerate episodes of high cost and low reward
  • It leads people to think of themselves and their partners as a single entity
  • It leads people to take action to protect and maintain a relationship even when it is costly for them to do so
  • Commitment promotes accommodation
  • Results in a greater willingness to sacrifice
  • Results in the derogation of tempting alternatives
90
Q

partner sacrifice study

A

One study found that partners failed to notice ½ of the generous small sacrifices their partners made for their benefit

PSYC 474 (40 decks)

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