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PSYC 474 > Chapter 9: Sexuality > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

sexual attitudes over time

A
  • 50 years ago, most people disapproved of premarital sex
  • Now, most people believe that sex between unmarried people is fine as long as it occurs in the context of a committed, caring relationship
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2
Q

hookups

A

sexual interactions with nonromantic partners that usually last one night and do not involve any expectation of a lasting relationship

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3
Q

satisfaction with hookups

A

Both men and women usually have more positive than negative feelings after a hookup, but mixed feelings are common

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4
Q

sexual attitudes in men vs. women

A

Men hold more permissive sexual values than women, although the difference is shrinking over time

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5
Q

sexual double standard

A

women have been judged more harshly than men for being sexually experienced or permissive

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6
Q

sexual attitudes in the U.S.

A

The U.S. holds relatively conservative sexual attitudes compared to other countries

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7
Q

sexual attitudes by race

A

African Americans hold more permissive sexual attitudes than Whites, while Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans are more conservative

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8
Q

atttiudes about same-sex sexuality

A

Most Americans are in favour of same-sex marriage

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9
Q

Two reasons for changes in attitudes towards LGBTQ+ sexuality

A
  • Greater visibility of LGBTQ+ people in public life
  • We understand same-sex sexuality much better than we used to
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10
Q

People are more likely to support same-sex sexuality if _____

A

they believe that people are born gay or lesbian than if they believe it is the way they “choose” to live

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11
Q

origin of sexual orientation

A

Sexual orientation has a genetic basis

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12
Q

evolutionary benefit of homosexuality

A

The sisters of gay men tend to have more children and children who receive greater care and protection, so it may have been evolutionarily advantageous for same-sex orientations to run in one’s family

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13
Q

same-sex attitudes by demographic

A

African Americans, Republicans, religious people, and the elderly hold more anti-LGBTQ+ attitudes

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14
Q

sex for the first time

A
  • 17 is the average age of first intercourse
  • The majority of teens have sex for the first time with someone who is a partner in a steady, emotionally important relationship
  • Most teens find their first experience to be enjoyable, but men enjoy it a lot more
  • Both men and women expect their first experience to be better than it turns out to be
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15
Q

sex on the first date and relationship satisfaction

A

Couples who have sex on the first date experience less relationship satisfaction

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16
Q

sex with casual partners and relation satisfaction

A

A pattern of sex with a casual partner is associated with greater tension in one’s relationships 4 years down the line

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17
Q

impact of abstinence-focused sex education

A

Abstinence-focused sex education doesn’t work at reducing teen sex, but it reduces the use of contraception

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18
Q

four common motives for sex

A
  • Emotional
  • Physical
  • Pragmatic
  • Insecurity
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19
Q

gender differences in motivation for sex

A
  • Men and women endorse emotional movies with equal frequency
  • Men are more likely to have sex for physical, pragmatic, and insecure reasons
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20
Q

marriage & cohabitation and the frequency of sex

A
  • Married and cohabitating couples have sex more often than those who are single
  • A steep drop in the frequency with which a couple has sex usually begins in the second year they live together
  • This decreases further when they’re pregnant or have small children
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21
Q

frequency of sex across generation

A

All couples are having less sex, on average, than our grandparents did when they were our age

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22
Q

frequency of sex over time

A
  • Sexual desire decreases with age
  • Couples have the most sex during the first year of their relationship
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23
Q

sex in gay vs. heterosexual couples

A
  • Gay men have more sex with their partners than lesbians or heterosexuals do
  • After 10 years together, all couples have sex less often, but the drop in frequency is greater for gays, such that they end up having sex less frequently than heterosexual couples do
  • Lesbians have sex less often, but when they do, it is more satisfying
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24
Q

number of sexual partners of men vs. women

A
  • Men report having more sexual partners than women
  • This may be due to sampling biases (not including prostitutes in studies)
  • Men and women define sex differently; men are more likely to say they’ve had sex
  • Men exaggerate the number of partners they’ve had, while women minimize them
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25
Q

cybersex

A

involves sexual chat for the purpose of sexual gratification

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26
Q

Extradyadic sex

A

having sex with someone other than one’s partner without the permission of one’s partner

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27
Q

frequency of extradyadic sex

A

21% of women and 32% of men have been sexually unfaithful to their romantic partners at least once

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28
Q

extradyadic sex and gender

A

Men are more likely to cheat because they have more positive attitudes toward causal sex and they often pursue extradyadic sex for the sake of sexual variety

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29
Q

extradyadic sex in LGB couples

A

Gay men have more extradyadic sex than lesbian women and heterosexual men do

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30
Q

Sociosexual orientations

A

the trait-like collection of beliefs and behaviours that describe our feelings about sex

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31
Q

Restricted sociosexual orientation

A

people who are generally willing to have sex only in the context of a committed and affectionate relationship

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32
Q

Unrestricted sociosexual orientation

A

people who are always on the prowl for new partners

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33
Q

sociosexuality and extradyadic sex

A

Sociosexuality is associated with the likelihood that people have extradyadic sex

34
Q

distinguishing unrestricted vs. restricted people

A
  • Observers can generally distinguish people with unrestricted vs. restricted orientations when their faces are side by side
  • Unrestricted women tend to have more masculine facial features. They are seen as more attractive, but men consider them to be less desirable as long-term mates
  • Unrestricted men look more masculine too, but women prefer the faces of restricted men for long-term mates
35
Q

influences of sexual selection on men

A

Sexual selection has favoured men who mate with as many women as possible

36
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

suggests that some women, particularly those with less desirable mates, can profit from a dual mating strategy in which they pursue long-term partners who will contribute resources to protect their offspring while seeking good genes for their children from other men

37
Q

evidence for the good genes hypothesis

A
  • Women are more attracted to extradyadic mates when they’re fertile than when they’re not and this tendency is more pronounced when their primary partners are relatively more unattractive
  • 2% of the world’s children are being raised by men who don’t know that someone else is the child’s biological father
38
Q

sperm competition

A

occurs when the sperm of two or more men occupy a woman’s vagina at the same time

39
Q

adapting to sperm competition

A

Men have adapted to sperm competition: men who know that their partners are spending a lot of time with other men tend to have intercourse in a manner that is likely to displace any sperm that might be present

40
Q

when are people more likely to cheat?

A

More people cheat when they become dissatisfied with their present partners and the quality of their alternatives is high

41
Q

switching mates after an affair in women vs. men

A

Women are more likely to switch mates as a result of an affair

42
Q

psychology of cheaters

A
  • Cheaters tend to be manipulative people who are high in Machiavellianism and psychopathy, low in agreeableness and conscientiousness and high in anxiety about abandonment
  • Cheaters are more likely than non-cheaters to cheat again
43
Q

Consensual non-monogamy (CNM)

A

an arrangement in which partners agree that it is acceptable to have more than one sexual or romantic relationship at the same time

44
Q

open relationship

A

partners feel free to have sex with others, but agree to avoid any romantic or emotional attachment to those other people

45
Q

swingers

A

pursue extradyadic sex as a couple

46
Q

polyamory

A

partners have full-fledged love affairs that may be both sexual and romantic with more than one person

47
Q

prevalence of CNM

A

⅕ of Americans have been in some form of CNM relationship in the past

48
Q

CNM by demographics

A

Women, heterosexuals, and those with restricted sociosexual orientations are less likely to have participated in a CNM relationship

49
Q

two types of lovers in polyamory

A

primary & secondary

50
Q

primary lover

A

the person they’ve been with longer, they often live together, share finances, are married, have children, and enjoy greater compassion, security, and nurturance

51
Q

secondary lover

A

afforded less time and effort, but enjoy greater eroticism and passion

52
Q

attitudes towards CNM

A

Most people disapprove of CNM relationships

53
Q

satisfaction in CNM relationships

A
  • CNM relationships are on average, just as satisfying as monogamous ones
  • CNM participants enjoy higher sexual satisfaction
54
Q

sexual desire of men vs. women

A
  • Men have higher sex drives on average than women do
  • They masturbate more often, want sex more often, want to begin having sex sooner, think about sex more often, spend more money on sex, and are more accepting of casual sex
55
Q

impacts of discrepancies in sexual desires

A

Sexual satisfaction suffers when there’s a discrepancy in sexual desire between members of a couple

56
Q

when do women experience drops in sexual desire?

A

after having a child or when going through menopause

57
Q

prevalence of safe sex

A

Many people do not use condoms when they have sex with a new or temporary partner

58
Q

The illusion of unique invulnerability

A

we believe bad things are more likely to happen to others than use

59
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

the reduction of people’s abilities to think about and process information available to them when they’re intoxicated

60
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

people wrongly believe that their feelings and beliefs are different from those of others

61
Q

Why do people have unsafe sex?

A
  • They underestimate the risk
  • The illusion of unique invulnerability
  • Faulty decision-making (often caused by sexual arousal)
  • Intoxication
  • Pluralistic ignorances
  • Inequalities in power
  • Abstinence education
  • Low self-control
  • Decreased intimacy and pleasure
62
Q

stealthing

A

surreptitiously removing a condom just before or during intercourse without one’s partner’s knowledge or consent

63
Q

sexual satifaction in couples

A

When people are in good health, free of sexual problems, and have a steady partner, most people have happy sex

64
Q

sexual satisfaction in midlife and beyond

A

A minority of Americans 45 and older and having satisfying sex

65
Q

How can we attain more sexual satisfaction?

A
  • Focus on the quality of one’s partners rather than the quantity
  • In general, the more sex a couple has, the more satisfied with their sex lives both of them tend to be
  • If they’re having sex at least once a week, having sex more often doesn’t make them any happier with their relationship
  • Focus on our needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence
66
Q

self-determination theory

A

we are happiest and healthiest when we fulfill our needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence

67
Q

autonomy

A

routinely engaging in activities that allow us to choose and control our own actions

68
Q

relatedness

A

routinely engaging in activities that allow us to establish close connections with others

69
Q

competence

A

routinely engaging in activities that allow us to feel confident and capable

70
Q

penis size and sexual satisfaction

A

Most women are satisfied with their partner’s penis size

71
Q

impact of traditional gender roles on sexual satisfaction

A

Traditional gender roles can rob women of their autonomy in bed, which reduces sexual satisfaction for both men and women

72
Q

motivation and sexual satisfaction

A
  • Sex is more satisfying when people and their partners engage in it for approach reasons
  • People who believe that sexual success is malleable have more satisfying sex
  • Sexual satisfaction increases when couples intentionally make time and space for sex, seek to pleasure their partners, and introduce fun and novel activities
73
Q

importance of sexual communication

A

Clear communication about sex is associated with better sexual functioning

74
Q

communication in homosexual couples

A

Homosexual couples have better communication during sex, and hence, better sex

75
Q

misconstructing sexual desire

A
  • Men perceive signs of sexual flirtatiousness that aren’t intended
  • Men who reject traditional gender roles and value equality make fewer of these mistakes
  • Men who have unrestricted sociosexual orientations make more of these mistakes
76
Q

estimating women’s sexual desire study

A
  • When couples start living together, men begin to underestimate women’s sexual desire
  • This is assocaited with greater marital satisfaction for the wives
77
Q

sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction

A
  • Sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction go hand-in-hand
  • They are subject to similar influences like similarity and perceived partner responsiveness
  • Fulfilling sex makes a partnership more gratifying and love makes sex more rewarding in return
78
Q

attachment and sexuality

A
  • Avoidants have less frequent sex with their romantic parnters
  • Those who are high in attachment anxiety have more passionate, needier sex that springs from their desire to feel accepted by their partners
  • Those high in attachment anxiety are more likely to have casual sex and extramarital affairs
  • Secure partners are most satisfied with their sex lives, likely because they are more honest and open in discussing their needs with their partners
79
Q

four types of sexual violation

A
  1. verbal coercion resulting in fondling
  2. verbal coercison resulting in intercourse
  3. physical force resulting in fondling
  4. physical force resulting in intercourse
80
Q

prevalence of sexual coercison by gender

A
  • Most men and women never direct any of these forms of sexual coercion towards anyone
  • Men are more likely to use physical force than women do
  • Women are just as likely as men to verbally coerce reluctant partners to have unwanted intercourse
81
Q

Ways to reduce the frequency of sexual coercion:

A
  • Beware of potential partners who view sex as a contest
  • Beware of intoxication in either you or your partner
  • Resolve to assertively resist unwanted advances
  • Set sexual boundaries with frank, direct discussion
  • Think of your lover as an equal partner whose preferences are just as important as your own

PSYC 474 (40 decks)

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