Kapitel 29 – Pathogenesis and Physiology of CSN disease and Flashcards
Name the 4 ventricles in the brain and where they are located
One lateral ventricle within each cerebral hemisphere
Third ventricle within the dienchephalon
Forth lying ventral to the cerebellum
What areas are normally narrow within the ventricular system and can lead to hydrocephalus?
a. Interventricular foramina
b. Mesencephalic aqueduct
c. Lateral apertures
By how many % dose a change in 1 mmHG PaCO2 cause a change in cerebral perfusion?
1 mmHg causes a 5% change in cerebral perfusion.
How is the cerebral perfusion pressure determine?
CPP = mean arterial blood pressure – intracranial pressure
What is Cushings reflex?
It is activation of baroreceptors in response to systemic hypertension causing a reflex bradycardia.
How is intracranial pressure determined and what are the normal value of intra cranial pressure?
a. It is determined by the total volume of content within the cranial cavity (brain, CSF and blood).
b. 8-15 mmhg
How much does the ICP decrease in durotomy vs craniotomy?
65% vs 15%
List the types of disease conditions that can affect the CNS
a. Contusion
b. Compression
c. Inflammation
d. Vascular
e. Metabolic/Toxic
f. Degenerative
g. Neoplastic
Give examples of degenerative CNS disease
a. Degenertive myelopathy
b. Cerebellar abiotrophy
c. Lysosomal storage disease
d. Demyelinating disease
What can increased intracellular calcium concentration lead to?
a. Activates intracellular proteases such as calpains and caspase, which destroy the cytoskeleton and chromosomes and initiate programmed cell death167
b. Activates phospholipase A2, thereby producing eicosanoids and initiating an inflammatory response12
c. Binds intracellular phosphates, further depleting the cell of energy sources
What is CIDS?
CNS injury-induced immunodepression and refers to the syndrome of immunodeficiency associated with CNS injury. OBS! Therefore don’t give steroids to csn trauma patients!
What are the three most common vascular occlusion?
a. FCE in the canine spinal cord
b. Feline ischemic encephalopathy (theory that is a result of a migrating larvae (Cuterebra spp) that release a vasoactive toxin that causes spasm to the cerebral vasculature)
c. Thrombotic “stroke” in dogs.
What types of neoplasia does most commonly affect the CSN?
Neoplasia that arrives from tissues immediately surrounding the CS Neg. meningomas, sarcomas and round cell neoplasia.
Which are the most common neoplasia to metastasizes to the CSN?
Hemangiosarcomas, melanomas and carcinomas.
How is cytotoxic edema vs vasogenic edema best treated?
a. Cytotoxic: treat the underlying cause
b. Vasogenic: corticosteroids
