Kapitel 116 – Bladder Flashcards
What nerves are the bladder innervated by?
a. Parasympathetic pelvic nerve (originate from S1-S3 and pontine micturition center in the brain stem)
b. Somatic pudendal nerve (originate from S1-S3)
c. Sympathetic hypogastric nerve (originate from thoracolumbar spinal cord)
(all innervations to the bladder merges together at the pelvic plexus before entering the bladder)
What is the function of sympathetic hypogastric nerve?
a. Stimulates bladder alpha- receptors causing urethral smooth muscle contraction.
b. Stimulation of bladder beta- receptors causing detrucor muscle relaxation
–> These functions together leads to urine retention
What is the function of the somatic pudenal nerve?
a. Urethral muscle contraction –> causing urine retention
b. Involved in voluntary control of urination
What is the function of the Parasympathetic pelvic nerve when it comes to the bladder?
Detrusor muscle contraction –> bladder emptying.
(Stretch receptors are activated by distension of the detrusor muscle –> stimulation of the parasymp. Pelvic nerve and subsequent urination.
Where does nerves and blood vessel enter the bladder?
On the dorsal surface of the trigone region
How long does it take for the bladder to regain 100% of tissue strength after full thickness defects?
14-21 days
What type of urolith have a concurrent UTI in >90% of dogs? Is this the case in cats?
a. Struvite
b. No, in cats struvite is mainly due to dietary factors and an alkaline urine)
What is the complication rate of uroabdomen after cystotomy?
< 1,5%
What are the indications for permanent cystostomy?
a. Obstructive bladder neck
b. Urethral neoplasia
c. Neurogenic bladder atony
What types of catheters are used for short and long term cystostomy?
a. Short term: Foley or mushroom tipped catheter
b. Long term: a low-profile silicone human gastrostomy tube
Where is the correct position of a cystopexy and how?
a. Halfway between linea alba and the sublumbar muscles. Gentle cranial traction is applied to remove laxity of the urethra.
b. The bladder is sutured to the abdominal wall in three longitudinal rows of six simple interrupted sutures using 2 metric (3-0) polypropylene. Sutures are placed through the seromuscular and submucosal layers of the bladder wall and the transverse abdominal muscle of the abdominal wall
List 4 metabolic changes typically occurring as uroabdomen progress sec to bladder rupture
a. Azotemia
b. Dehydration
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Hyperkalemia
What diagnostic parameters should be tested in collected abdominal fluid if bladder rupture is suspected?
a. Urea
b. Creatinine (if higher than serum, likely to be urine)
c. Total protein
d. Hct
e. Cytology
What are the three most sensitive imagine techniques for detection of calculi?
a. Pneumocystography
b. Double-contrast cystography
c. And ultrasound
Which uroliths could be dissolve medically?
a. Struvite
b. Urate
c. cystine
