Chapter 46 – Principles of Angular Limb deformity Flashcards
Name the 3 planes a deformation can occur
Frontal, sagittal and transverse
How many possible ways may a bone be angulated?
6 – two in each plane
In that plane and from with radiographs do you evaluate varus and valgus deformity?
a. Cranio-to-caudal radiographs and in frontal plane.
b. Cranio-to-caudal ragiographs in sagittal plane
c. Lateral-to-medial radiographs in sagittal plane (assess for pro and recurvatum)
d. Lateral-to-medial radiographs in frontal plane
a. Cranio-to-caudal radiographs and in frontal plane.
Which statement is true?
a. Deformity is described in terms of relationship of the proxmial portions of the bone or joint to the distal portion of the same structure
b. Deformity is described in terms of relationship of the proximal joint to the distal joint
c. Deformity is described in terms of relationship of the distal portions of the bone or joint to the proximal portion of the same structure.
d. Deformity is described in terms of relationship of the distal portions of the bone or joint to the distal portion of the joint above.
c. Deformity is described in terms of relationship of the distal portions of the bone or joint to the proximal portion of the same structure.
Which statement is true?
a. The anatomical axis represents the weight-bearing axis of the bone
b. The anatomical axis is always a straight line.
c. The mechanical axis can be resolved into multiple straight segments to allow quantification of the angulation of curvature (this applies to the anatomical axis)
d. The mechanical axis represent the weight-bearing axis.
d. The mechanical axis represent the weight-bearing axis.
Name the angles.
a. How do you calculate the procurvatum of radius?
b. What is the normal mean procurvatum angle?
a. (90 degrees − aCdPRA) + (90 degrees − aCdDRA) + θ yields overall procurvatum in degrees
b. 27
Which angles is of the femur are usually used when assessing femur? What are their “normal” reference
Femoral neck inclination angle and the femoral anteversion angle
Ca 134 and ca 27-30 degrees respectively (this one varies widely between studies)
An increase in femoral inclination angle is termed ____
a. Coxa vara (decreased)
b. Coxa valgus
c. Coxa varus
d. Coxa valga
d. Coxa valga
Which statement is true?
a. The points along this line on the convex side of the neutral CORA are referred to as opening CORAs, and those on the concave side are defined as closing CORAs.
b. The points along this line on the convex side of the neutral CORA are referred to as closing CORAs, and those on the concave side are defined as opening CORAs.
c. The points along this line on the concave side of the neutral CORA are referred to as opening CORAs, and those on the concave side are defined as closing CORAs.
d. The points along this line on the concave side of the neutral CORA are referred to as closing CORAs, and those on the concave side are defined as opening CORAs.
a. The points along this line on the convex side of the neutral CORA are referred to as opening CORAs, and those on the concave side are defined as closing CORAs.
Some affected bones with biapical deformities possess CORAs with planes that are in opposite directions, where joints are somewhat parallel despite the fact that the bone possesses a large translation. What is this called? And what is the opposite called?
a. partially compensated
b. non-compensated.
How many % of chondrodystrophic breeds presented with a biapical antebrachial deformity?
80%
(56 % in non-chondrodistrofic)
Describe Paleys three rules of ostetomies.
Which of these rules are applied during TPLO?
a.
Osteotomy rule 1: When the osteotomy and the angulation correction axis are based on the CORA, angular correction and co-linearity of the axes are achieved (Figure 46.12A). If the angulation correction axis passes through the CORA, this point is referred to as the angulation correction axis-CORA (ACA-CORA).
Osteotomy rule 2: When the angulation correction axis is based on the CORA but the osteotomy is executed at a level different from the angulation correction axis-CORA, angular correction is accomplished with resulting co-linearity of the axes; however, it is achieved through translation of one of the bone segments (Figure 46.12B).
Osteotomy rule 3: When the osteotomy and angulation correction axis are completed at a level different from the CORA, angulation is corrected with subsequent parallelism of the axes but with undesirable translation of the axes (see Figure 46.12C). This situation should be avoided.
b. Nr. 2
Which statement is true?
a. Open wedge osteotomy will result in shortening of the bone
b. Open wedge osteotomy will result in lengthening of the bone
c. Closing wedge osteotomy will result in lengthening of the bone
d. Wedge osteotomy have no effect on the length of the bone
b. Open wedge osteotomy will result in lengthening of the bone
