Kapitel 100 - palate

Question 1

What bony structures make up the hard palate?

Answer 1

a. Palatine bone
b. Maxillary bone
c. Incisive bone
d. Palatal mucoperiosteum

Question 2

What structures run thorough the major palatine foramina?

Answer 2

a. Major palatine artery
b. Major palatine branch from the maxillary nerve (divition from the trigeminal nerve)

Question 3

What nerve innervate the soft palate?

Answer 3

The minor palatine branch of the maxillary nerve

Question 4

What nerves innervate the pterygopharyngel and palatopharyngeal muscles?

Answer 4

Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve.

Question 5

What are the muscles of the soft palate?

Answer 5

a. Palatinus muscle
b. Tensor veli palatini
c. Levator veli palatini

Question 6

What is the function of m. Levator veli palatini?

Answer 6

It elevates the caudal soft palate, helping protect the nasopharynx during swallowing and vomiting.

Question 7

What are the two functions of the soft palate during swallowing?

Answer 7

1) stimulation of sensory nerves in the palate is part of the mechanism that triggers swallowing

(2) closure of the intrapharyngeal opening during swallowing and vomiting prevents food, liquid, and vomitus from entering the nasopharynx and being subsequently aspirated.

Question 8

Unilateral cleft libs are morse common as:

Answer 8

Unilateral on the left side

Question 9

When during gestation can intrauterine insult lead to the development of a cleft palate in dogs? Give examples of such injury

Answer 9

a. Between day 25-28
b. Trauma, corticosteroids, toxins, viral, hormonal, excessive stress

Question 10

When is the most ideal time to surgically correct? Why?

Answer 10

a. Between 3-4 month of age

b. Younger animals have delicate and friable soft tissues making surgery difficult
c. Older may result in a bigger defect as the animal is growing making it more challenging to close as well as compounded management problems.

Question 11

What are common clinical signa of oronasal fistula?

Answer 11

Sneezing and ipsilateral nasal discharge

Question 12

When should teeth at the surgical site be removed before definitive palate defect repair?

Answer 12

6-8 weeks before palate repair

Question 13

How large should a flap to cover a defect be?

Answer 13

Min. 1,5 x larger then then the defect it will cover.

Question 14

List different surgical techniques for repair of palate defects

Answer 14

a. overlapping flap
b. medially positional flap
c. Labial based mucoperiosteal flap
d. Labial-buccal flaps
e. Split palatal U-flap
f. If large defects a combination of:
i. Advancement flap, rotation or transposition or distant axial pattern flaps

Question 15

What are some advantages with the overlapping flap technique?

Answer 15

a. less tension on the suture line
b. the suture line is not located directly over the defect
c. the area of opposing connective tissues is larger, which results in a stronger scar.

Question 16

When is the medially positional flap often used as a repair technique?

Answer 16

Repair of midline clefts of the soft palate or traumatic midline cleft of the hard palate in cats.

Question 17

When is a split palatal U-flap indicated?

Answer 17

For closure of large caudal hard palate defects

Question 18

What axial pattern flaps can be used for palate defect repair?

Answer 18

a. Auricularis oris
b. Caudal auricular
c. Superficial temporal
d. Superficial cervical

Question 19

What would be the acute treatment of severe respiratory distress due to overlong soft palate?

Answer 19

a. cold intravenous fluids,
b. sedation with acetylpromazine (0.01 mg/kg IV)
c. oxygen supplementation
d. dexamethasone (0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV) to decrease pharyngeal and laryngeal swelling.
e. If very severe –> intubation and general anesthesia.

Question 20

Where is the proposed level of palate resection during surgically treatment of overlong soft palate?

Answer 20

At the lever of the caudal boarder of the palatine tonsils.