Gait Flashcards by Tisha Ayonayon

What starts when foot contacts the floor and ends with subsequent floor contact on the same foot?

a. Gait cycle
b. Walking speed
c. Cadence
d. Normal gait

Gait cycle

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In fractures of the foot, what are the movements of the foot which the therapist should concentrate on, so as to regain normal function of the foot in gait?

a. Adduction and Abduction
b. Inversion and Eversion
c. Pronation and Supination
d. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Inversion and Eversion

In fractures - calcaneus is the most commonly affected; affecting also the talocalcaneal/subtalar joint w/c is responsible for inversion & eversion (use in uneven surfaces during gait)

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The 41 year old pregnant patient during gait analysis shows a waddling gait. The muscle of poor control in this case is the:

a. Gluteus medius
b. Gluteus maximus
c. Sartorius
d. Gluteus minimus

Gluteus medius

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The feet slap the ground in this high stepping ataxic gait pattern.

a. Tabetic
b. Antalgic
c. Double step
d. Steppage
e. Spastic

Tabetic

2 High Stepping Gait
❎ Neurogenic (d/t stroke, pni, etc) — Steppage Gait
✅ Ataxic (d/t cerebellar dx, etc) — Tabetic Gait

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In this gait pattern, the client abducts the paralyzed limb, swings it around, and brings it forward to place the foot on the ground in front.

a. Scissor
b. Trendelenburg
c. Hemiplegic
d. Vaulting

Hemiplegic

The gait described on the question is Circumducting Gait w/c falls under Hemiplegic Gait

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Gluteus medius is MOST active during gait at

a. Swing phase
b. Toe off
c. Heel strike
d. Midstance

Midstance

To prevent pelvic drop on the contralateral side

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Gait patterns between young (20-40 y.o.) and old (60-80 y.o.) people differ in their gait performance as follows, EXCEPT: ______.

a. Stride length is significantly greater in the younger persons
b. Peak knee extension is significantly less in the older persons
c. Peak hip flexion exhibit a slightly increase in the older persons
d. Stride time is shorter for the young than the old

Stride time is shorter for the young than the old

Should be almost equal, since elderly has short stride length and slow while young has long stride length and fast

Elderly — prone to falling
• Hip and knee are flexed

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The following are true of the antalgic gait presented by patient with arthritis except

a. decreased cadence
b. decreased swing phase of unaffected LE
c. decreased stance phase of affected LE
d. increased speed

increased speed

Should be decreased speed

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When there is faster gait, you would expect all of the following, except

a. decrease in the width of the base support
b. none of these
c. increase in angle of toe out
d. increase in stride length
e. increase in cadence

increase in angle of toe out

Should be decrease in angle of toe out

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During the swing phase, deceleration stage, which muscle contracts to slow down knee extension just prior to heel strike, thus permitting the heel to strike quietly in a controlled manner?

a. gluteus medius
b. gluteus maximus
c. hamstring
d. guadriceps

hamstring

Hamstrings contract eccentrically during terminal swing to o slow down knee extension

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The following are determinants of gait, except

a. knee flexion in stance
b. trendelenburg
c. medial displacement of the pelvis
d. pelvic rotation
e. knee, ankle, & foot motion

medial displacement of the pelvis

Should be lateral displacement of the pelvis

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A patient underwent a right total hip replacement (THR) 4 months ago. The patient is now referred to physical therapy for gait evaluation. The patient demonstrates shortened step length on the left. This patient most likely has:

a. Contracted hip flexors on the right
b. Weakened hip flexors on the right
c. Contracted hip flexors on the left
d. Weakened hip flexors on the left
e. Weakened quadriceps

Contracted hip flexors on the right

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A patient fractures the right mid tibia in a skiing accident 3 months ago. After cast removal, a severe foot drop was noted. The patient wants to try electrical stimulation. The PT would set up the functional electrical stimulation to contract the appropriate muscles during:

a. Swing phase
b. Initial contact
c. Early stance at foot-flat
d. Late stance at toe-off

Swing phase

• Foot Drop — Swing Phase
• Foot Slap — Initial Contact

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A scalar quantity that has a magnitude but no direction

a. Velocity
b. Speed
c. Center of gravity
d. Acceleration
e. NOTA

Speed

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Which of the following entries is appropriate?

a. Step width: 5-10 inches
b. Step length: 70-72 cm
c. Angle of toe out: 10 deg
d. Pelvic list: 8cm
e. NOTA

Step length: 70-72 cm

Convert 28 in to cm = 70 to 72 cm

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This constitutes the 2nd half of single limb support:

a. Terminal stance
b. Midstance
c. Loading response
d. Initial contact
e. Preswing

Terminal stance

First half — Midstance
Second half — Terminal Stance

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Which of the following is a correct entry?

a. Heel strike: loading response
b. Initial contact: heel strike
c. Midstance: heel off
d. Terminal stance: Toe off
e. NOTA

Initial contact: heel strike

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Which of the following changes in the spatial parameters of gait are evident in older adults except:

a. decreased step length
b. increased stride width
c. decreased stride length
d. increased time in double support
e. none of the above

increased time in double support

Not a spatial parameter, but a temporal parameter

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To counteract the plantarflexion moment created by the ground reaction force during heel strike, which muscles of the ankle contract?

a. Tibialis posterior
b. Peroneus longus
c. Peroneus tertius
d. Tibialis anterior
e. NOTA

Tibialis anterior

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Which of the following is /are expected in antalgic gait EXCEPT:

a. Shortened stance phase on the painful limb
b. Shortened swing phase on the painful limb
c. Shortened swing phase on the unaffected limb
d. A and C
e. B and C

Shortened swing phase on the painful limb

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Location of center of mass is lowest at:

a. Period of single leg support
b. Period of double leg support
c. Midstance
d. Loading response
e. NOTA

Period of double leg support

Elderly patients usually demonstrate lengthened period of double limb support because during the double limb support,

a. The COG is higher making the body more stable
b. The COG is higher making the body less stable
c. The COG is lower making the body more stable
d. The COG is lower making the body less stable

The COG is lower making the body more stable

Subphases of gait based on RLA except:

a. Initial contact
b. Midstance
c. Preswing
d. Terminal swing
e. NOTA

NOTA

Mature gait pattern is established at age

a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 8
e. NOTA

18 mos —
24 mos —
3 years —
7 years — mature gait pattern is established

In evaluating your patient's gait, you want to determine the strength of the pretibial muscle group. At which portion of the gait is this muscle group most active in preventing foot slap? a. swing through b. heel rise c. toe off d. heel strike e. NOTA

heel strike

Functional tasks of walking a. Weight acceptance b. Single limb support c. Limb advancement d. AOTA

AOTA “Tanggapin mong mag-isa ka na lang para makamove-on ka na.”

Which of the following correctly describes ground reaction force? a. It is the force equal in magnitude and same direction of the force the body applies to the ground b. It follows Newton's second law of motion c. Is an example of an internal torque d. NOTA

NOTA Should be: • Same direction — Opposite direction • Second law — Third law • Internal torque — External torque

During midstance, center of mass is at its __, thus making the body __ stable a. Lowest, less stable b. Highest, more stable c. Lowest, more stable d. Highest, less stable

Highest, less stable

Lessens the angle of the femur with the floor and in doing so, it LENGTHENS the femur. a. Pelvic rotation b. Vertical pelvic tilt c. Pelvic list d. Pelvic drop e. NOTA

Pelvic rotation

During heel strike, GRF passes __ the hip and creates __ moment and must be counteracted by the hip extensor muscles a. Anterior; extensior b. Posterior, extensior c. Anterior, flexion d. Anterior, extension e. NOTA

Anterior, flexion

Paralysis of the left gluteus maximus is compensated for during the stance phase by: a. Increased ankle plantarflexion of the affected extremity b. Hyperextension of the spine c. External tibial torsion at heel strike d. Maintenance of knee flexion of affected extremity

Hyperextension of the spine Also called backward lurch

A backward trunk lean results from weakness of the a. gluteus maximus on the stance leg b. quadriceps c. erector spinae muscles d. gluteus medius on the stance leg e. abdominals

gluteus maximus on the stance leg

If the ground reaction force during foot flat is located posterior to the knee joint, what external moment is created? a. Knee flexion moment b. Knee extension moment c. Neutral d. AOTA

Knee flexion moment

If the ground reaction force during foot flat is located posterior to the knee joint what should be the internal moment to prevent knee buckling? a. Knee flexion moment b. Knee extension moment c. Neutral d. AOTA

Knee extension moment

Contributors of internal torque except: a. Gravity b. Muscle c. Ground reaction force d. A and C e. B and C

A and C

Which of the following is true about the swing phase of gait except: a. It is also called the open kinematic chain phase of gait b. It is called the closed kinematic chain phase of gait c. It is about 40% in a walking gait cycle d. NOTA

It is called the closed kinematic chain phase of gait

Movement needed in 1st MTP for gait: a. 20 DF b. 30 DE c. 60 - 75 DF d. 60 - 75 PF e. AOTA

60 - 75 DF

Position of ankle during initial contact a. 0 DF b. 5 PF c. 5 DF d. 10 DF

0 DF

Position of knee during initial contact: a. Appears fully extended b. 20 degrees flexion c. 60 degrees flexion d. 40 degrees flexion

Appears fully extended

You evaluate a patient's gait and note that the patient has difficulty performing the phase initiating the swing phase of gait. Which of the following muscles would you give emphasis on in your strengthening program? a. Hip adductors b. Gastrocnemius c. Hamstrings d. tibialis anterior e. Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius To initiate swing phase during toe off, we need to perform plantar flexion by gastrocnemius

The degree of toe out is measured by determining the angle formed by each foot's line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and the 2nd toe. The degree of toe out decrease as speed of walking increases. During normal walking speed, the normal value is a. 3° b. 7 ° c. 10° d. 12° e. NOTA

7 °

A patient comes for gait evaluation after a tibial nerve injury in the distal thigh. Which of the following gait abnormalities would be expected? a. increased hip and knee flexion during swing b. shortened step length of the uninvolved leg c. forceful knee extension in the terminal swing d. increased gait symmetry and faster walking

shortened step length of the uninvolved leg Tibial nerve innervates plantarflexors; w/ weak or damage plantarflexors, push off will be difficult thus resulting to decrease step length on the unaffected limb

A person with painful, arthritic hip has the following gait abnormality a. internal rotation of the leg at the hip b. trunk extension at heel strike c. lateral trunk shift over the affected joint during stance d. internal rotation of the leg at the hip

lateral trunk shift over the affected joint during stance

The calf muscle group is most active at what phase of the gait cycle? a. late swing phase b. midswing c. early swing d. toe off

toe off

Correct location of GRF during initial contact: a. Anterior to ankle b. Posterior to hip c. Posterior to ankle d. NOTA

Posterior to ankle

In gait analysis of your patient, what would you expect to happen if the patient has weak gastrocsoleus (calf) muscle and if the patient does not compensate? a. excessive plantarflexion and uncontrolled tibial advance b. excessive dorsiflexion and uncontrolled tibial advance c. no roll off d.lack of ability to oppose plantarflexion

excessive dorsiflexion and uncontrolled tibial advance

During the stance phase, when toes contact at heel strike, the cause may be a. painful heel b. spastic plantarflexion c. weak dorsiflexors d. all of these

all of these

Gait in the elderly is characterized by a. decreased stride width b. increased cadence c. decreased step length d. increased stride length

decreased step length

Spastic patients with severe involvement of the Adductor Longs muscle will exhibit: a. A tendency to walk with the hips crossed b. Usually have an internally rotated hip during walking c. Both are correct d. Both are incorrect

Both are correct

An OT is examining a patient for possible LE weakness. PROM is WNL. The patient is seated. When the patient tries to dorsiflex and invert the right foot, the patient is unable to move it through the full ROM and is unable to take any resistance applied by the PT. During the subsequent gait examination, the PT should expect the patient to display which of the following? a. normal gait with no deviations b. increased right hip flexion during midswing phase c. throwing the trunk backward on the right side shortly after heel strike d. laterally bending towards the right side during midstance

increased right hip flexion during midswing phase Weak dorsiflexor and inverter — difficulty with toe clearance during swing phase = steppage gait (increased hip and knee flexion to prevent toe drag)