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Biology 102 > Final Review (Past Exam Multiple Choice/Questions) > Flashcards

Final Review (Past Exam Multiple Choice/Questions) Flashcards

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1
Q

A diploid gametophyte

A

is not real

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2
Q

Which of the following groups of plants is most likely to be used in the production of candles?

A

anthocerophyta

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3
Q

Which would be found in the stele?

A

vascular tissue

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4
Q

The sporophyte is largest in a

A

magnoliophyte

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5
Q

Which statement is most true

A

an egg is produced within a megasporangium

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6
Q

Stomata____

A

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

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7
Q

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

A

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

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8
Q

Archegonia_____

A

may contain sporophyte embryos

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9
Q

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following sequences describes structures from largest to smallest?

A

gametophytes, antheridia, gametes

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10
Q

Plants that are specifically heterosporous

A

produce two different types of spores

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11
Q

Which is in the correct order?

A

egg, mitosis, megaspore, megasporangia, megasporophyll

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12
Q

Which of the following is haploid?

A

megaspore

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13
Q

Of the following, which has only one known living species

A

ginkgophyta

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14
Q

Which is not true about fruit

A

(true - contains a mesocarp, can be fleshy or dry, protects the seeds)
is a haploid until fertilization

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15
Q

Which of the following helps to fight ovarian cancer

A

taxol

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16
Q

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants____

A

produce two kinds of spores

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17
Q

The space between two petioles on a stem is called the

A

internode

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18
Q

McDonalds french fried are made from modified roots called

A

tubers

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19
Q

Secondary plant growth occurs because of cell division in the

A

vascular cambium

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20
Q

plant tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal is called

A

ground tissue

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21
Q

Plant cells that are flexible and perform significant metabolic functions are

A

parenchyma

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22
Q

Root hairs first emerge

A

in the zone of differentiation

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23
Q

If a flacid plant cell is put into a beaker of water that has a water potential of 0.25 Mpa, the solution in the beaker is

A

hypertonic

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24
Q

Guttation is caused by

A

active update of ions in the root epidermis and low humidity

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25
Q

Which of the following would increase water loss from a plant?

A

exposure to blue light

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26
Q

Disruption of proton pumps in plants would

A

interfere with translocation

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27
Q

A blackberry is what type of fruit?

A

(simple, aggregate, multiple, or acessory)
aggregate

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28
Q

During seed germination, which of the following is the first to emerge?

A

radicle

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29
Q

During embryonic development in angiosperms, the _______ aids in the transfer of nutrient from the endosperm to the embryo

A

suspensor

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30
Q

In plants, the carp refers to the

A

ovary

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31
Q

The megaspore has eight nuclei in one cell because

A

cytokinesis has not occurred

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32
Q

Which of the following is most closely related to the gynoecium?

A

megasporophyll

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33
Q

Phytochromes are

A

found in the cytoplasm

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34
Q

Phytochromes are activated by

A

light

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35
Q

Which of the following is not true about de-etiolation

A

(true - calcium channels are opened, transcription factors bind to genes, and is stimulated by exposure to light)
cGMP enters the nucleus

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36
Q

Which statement is not true about plant hormones

A

(true - multiple hormones can influence one process, produced in low concentrations, and often promotes or inhibits growth)
each hormone has one specific effect

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37
Q

Which of the following is true about cytokinin

A

slows aging of some plant organs by stimulating protein synthesis

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38
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is the correct sequence of events that takes place during the plant responses to internal and external signals?

A

reception, transduction, and response

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39
Q

Plant hormones______

A

affect only cells with the appropriate receptor

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40
Q

The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are)

A

phytochrome

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41
Q

What are the primary sites of auxin (IAA) production in plants?

A

shoot apical meristem and young leaves

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42
Q

If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with

A

gibberellins

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43
Q

_____ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant.

A

abscisic acid

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44
Q

Mammalian eyes sense light because the photoreceptor cells have molecules called opsins, which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecules would be analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability?

A

Pfr and phytochrome

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45
Q

Phytocrome plays a critical role in seed germination. Which of the colors maximizes the seed germination?

A

red

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46
Q

The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is

A

abscisic acid

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47
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi are especially good at helping plants take up the mineral called…

A

phosphorus

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48
Q

The transportation route in a plant that moves through plasmodesmata is called…

A

symplastic transport

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49
Q

Proton pumps are composed of…

A

protein

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50
Q

What ion is responsible for the membrane potential in plants?

A

protons (H+)

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51
Q

____ work together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation

A

cytokinins

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52
Q

Which of the following phyla is a pseudocoelomate?

A

(cnidaria, nemertea, rotifera, or echinodermata)
rotifera

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53
Q

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostomes and not a deuterostome?

A

you see a mouth, but not an anus

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54
Q

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?

A

presence of hox genes

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55
Q

One should expect to find cilia/flagella associated with the feeding apparatus of _____

A

sponges

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56
Q

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

A

it has no coelom

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57
Q

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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58
Q

Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey?

A

a radula

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59
Q

If a lung were to be found in a mollusk, where would it be located?

A

mantle cavity

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60
Q

Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals?

A

vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules

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61
Q

The process of obtaining food is known as ____ and requires specialized feeding mechanisms

A

ingestion

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62
Q

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____

A

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

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63
Q

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes______

A

use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)

64
Q

In the digestive system, peristalsis is ______

A

smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

65
Q

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

A

small intestine - polysaccharide digestion

66
Q

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _______

A

four-chambered heart

67
Q

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would______

A

disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

68
Q

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

A

giraffe

69
Q

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?

A

the worms are blocking the lymph vessels

70
Q

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____

A

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

71
Q

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ______

A

activation of prothrombin to thrombin

72
Q

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ______

A

give up more of its oxygen molecules

73
Q

Name five characteristics of animals

A
  • heterotrophs
  • lack cell walls
  • multicellular
  • reproduces sexually
  • have nerves and muscles that allow them to move during at least one point in their life
74
Q

The eight cell stage development is called a(n) _____

A

morula

75
Q

______ is the volume of air inhaled with each breath

A

tidal volume

76
Q

______ are produced in the small intestines and work in the final step of breaking down sugars into monomers.

A

Dissacharidases

77
Q

The small intestine produces no enzymes to aid in digesting _____

A

fat

78
Q

The liver produces _____ that is stored in the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion of _____

A

bile; fat

79
Q

______ bypass the circulatory system and liver and instead are picked and carried in the ________

A

fats; lymphatic system

80
Q

Name the three prominent veins that come together to form the portal vein.

A

Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein

81
Q

A climber had a fall that resulted in a closed head injury. After the fall, he had problems with ventilation regulation. Which part of the brain was affected by the fall?

A

The medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)

82
Q

If you eat more calories than you need, your body will store the excess. List the outline of progressive steps in the process.

A

ATP –> creatine phosphate –> glucose –> glycogen –> fat (adipose tissue)

83
Q

What would be the immediate result if humans did not produce surfactants?

A

It would be hard to breathe due to the collapse of alveoli in the lungs

84
Q

What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal?

A

pheromones

85
Q

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because_____

A

only target cells contain aldosterone receptors

86
Q

When a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then ______

A

the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell

87
Q

A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?

A

paracrine

88
Q

What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated?

A

cAMP is created

89
Q

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of _____

A

glucagon

90
Q

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is _____

A

insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism

91
Q

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ______

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

93
Q

A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is _____

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

94
Q

What would be a likely outcome of a person not consuming enough iodine in their diet?

A

reduce cellular metabolism

95
Q

When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rate?

A

alcohol inhibits the release of ADH

96
Q

Fight or flight reactions include activation of the _____

A

adrenal medulla, leading to the increased secretion of epinephrine

97
Q

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone _____

A

cortisol

98
Q

DES is called an “endocrine disrupting chemical” because it interferes with the endocrine secretions of the _____

A

ovaries

99
Q

Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone density. Which of the following would produce the greatest increase in bone calcium levels?

A

calcitonin injection

100
Q

The body’s reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ______

A

calcitonin

101
Q

What are the three cell types that are antigen presenting?

A
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
  • macrophages
102
Q

What autocrine signal does a helper T-cell produce?

A

Interleukin II or Cytokines

103
Q

_______ are specialized white blood cells that circulate in the blood and are responsible for destroying infected body cells

A

Neutrophils

104
Q

______ are able to detect abnormal body cells such as in tumors or cancer. They release chemicals that lead to cell death.

A

Natural Killer Cells

105
Q

Gout is caused by a crystallization of ________ in the joints of humans.

A

uric acid

106
Q

_______ is a word used to describe organisms that can live in a dehydrated state

A

anhydrobiosis

107
Q

Osmoconformers are _______ to the environment in which they live

A

isoosmotic

108
Q

Changes in blood osmolarity are detected ______ cells in the hypothalamus. When blood osmolarity _______, they stimulate _______ cells to produce ADH. ADH travels through the ______ of the neuron, which passes through the _______ which connects the hypothalamus to the posterior ______ gland where aldosterone is released and picked up by the capillary bed before exiting through the _____ vein.

A

osmoreceptor; increase; neurosecretory; axons; infundibular; pituitary; hypophoseal

109
Q

During the _____ phase the endometrium of the uterus thickens

A

proliferative

110
Q

______ the term for the filling of erectile tissue with blood

A

vasocongestion

111
Q

_______ contribute to the sac that surrounds the yolk and a connection between the yolk and the embryo, but do not contribute to the embryo itself

A

Hypoblast

112
Q

The ______ is the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and does not contribute to the embryo, but instead initiates implantation

A

trophoblast

113
Q

A physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. What type of receptor might be responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

A

chemoreceptors

114
Q

Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal object and that they can find batteries buried under sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that

A

a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river

115
Q

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs

A

when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons

116
Q

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

A

bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin binding sites on actin are exposed

117
Q

The middle ear converts

A

mechanical energy to fluid pressure waves

118
Q

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?

A

olfactory receptor - electromagnetic receptor

119
Q

Chitin is a significant component of the ______

A

exoskeleton of insects

120
Q

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ______

A

using peristaltic contractions and relaxations of its flagella

121
Q

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ______

A

swimming by a 100 kilogram tuna (bony fish)

122
Q

ball and socket joint connects ______

A

the humerus to the scapula

123
Q

This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors that are located ______

A

on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell

124
Q

When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others listed below)?

A

conformational change in troponin

125
Q

The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. one substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?

A

muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis

126
Q

The leg muscle of a sprinter would differ from a marathon runner in that ______

A

per gram, the marathon runner’s muscles would contain more myoglobin than the sprinter’s muscles

127
Q

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of ______

A

ATP needed to break actin myosin bonds

128
Q

The motor unit in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to ______

A

one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses

129
Q

Most of the ATP supplies for a skeletal muscle undergoing one hour of sustained exercise come from

A

aerobics respiration

130
Q

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which _____

A

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by an overactive immune system

131
Q

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have_____

A

less resistance to fatigue

132
Q

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on_____

A

myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high energy to a low energy state

133
Q

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the ______

A

olfactory bulb

134
Q

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ______

A

neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors

135
Q

How could you genetically modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?

A

introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum

136
Q

Rods exposed to light will____

A

hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels

137
Q

Lateral inhibition via horizontal cells in the mammalian retina ______

A

enhances visual contrast

138
Q

Sensory transduction of light in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by ______

A

rods and cones

139
Q

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have _____

A

compound eyes with multiple ommatidia

140
Q

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ______

A

the membrane is distorted mechanically

141
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with a lack of ______ in the brain

A

dopamine

142
Q

Opiates bind to the same receptor as _____ and thus can be used as painkillers

A

endorphins

143
Q

_______ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

glycine

144
Q

_____ are glial cells that help to protect against neurotoxins in the brain

A

astrocytes

145
Q

____ produce cerebral spinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

146
Q

List three parts of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
147
Q

list the three divisions of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
148
Q

The _____ receives and integrates sensory information and sends it to specific regions of the brain

A

midbrain

149
Q

Breathing, heart, swallowing, and vomiting… are all controlled by the ________ in the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

150
Q

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _____ adjacent to the piptuitary

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

151
Q

Watching dramatic action-packed videos would strengthen the control of the _____ system

A

limbic

152
Q

_______ receptors provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs

A

somatosensory

153
Q

Which area of the brain may be injured if a patient is ahving difficulty understanding language?

A

Wernicke’s area

154
Q

Hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms characterize ______. It affects neuronal pathways that use dopamine as neurotransmitter.

A

Schizophrenia

155
Q

Turning light energy into changes in membrane potential is an example of ______

A

transduction

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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