Final Review (Past Exam Multiple Choice/Questions) Flashcards
A diploid gametophyte
is not real
Which of the following groups of plants is most likely to be used in the production of candles?
anthocerophyta
Which would be found in the stele?
vascular tissue
The sporophyte is largest in a
magnoliophyte
Which statement is most true
an egg is produced within a megasporangium
Stomata____
open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
Archegonia_____
may contain sporophyte embryos
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following sequences describes structures from largest to smallest?
gametophytes, antheridia, gametes
Plants that are specifically heterosporous
produce two different types of spores
Which is in the correct order?
egg, mitosis, megaspore, megasporangia, megasporophyll
Which of the following is haploid?
megaspore
Of the following, which has only one known living species
ginkgophyta
Which is not true about fruit
(true - contains a mesocarp, can be fleshy or dry, protects the seeds)
is a haploid until fertilization
Which of the following helps to fight ovarian cancer
taxol
Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants____
produce two kinds of spores
The space between two petioles on a stem is called the
internode
McDonalds french fried are made from modified roots called
tubers
Secondary plant growth occurs because of cell division in the
vascular cambium
plant tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal is called
ground tissue
Plant cells that are flexible and perform significant metabolic functions are
parenchyma
Root hairs first emerge
in the zone of differentiation
If a flacid plant cell is put into a beaker of water that has a water potential of 0.25 Mpa, the solution in the beaker is
hypertonic
Guttation is caused by
active update of ions in the root epidermis and low humidity
Which of the following would increase water loss from a plant?
exposure to blue light
Disruption of proton pumps in plants would
interfere with translocation
A blackberry is what type of fruit?
(simple, aggregate, multiple, or acessory)
aggregate
During seed germination, which of the following is the first to emerge?
radicle
During embryonic development in angiosperms, the _______ aids in the transfer of nutrient from the endosperm to the embryo
suspensor
In plants, the carp refers to the
ovary
The megaspore has eight nuclei in one cell because
cytokinesis has not occurred
Which of the following is most closely related to the gynoecium?
megasporophyll
Phytochromes are
found in the cytoplasm
Phytochromes are activated by
light
Which of the following is not true about de-etiolation
(true - calcium channels are opened, transcription factors bind to genes, and is stimulated by exposure to light)
cGMP enters the nucleus
Which statement is not true about plant hormones
(true - multiple hormones can influence one process, produced in low concentrations, and often promotes or inhibits growth)
each hormone has one specific effect
Which of the following is true about cytokinin
slows aging of some plant organs by stimulating protein synthesis
Which of the following mechanisms is the correct sequence of events that takes place during the plant responses to internal and external signals?
reception, transduction, and response
Plant hormones______
affect only cells with the appropriate receptor
The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are)
phytochrome
What are the primary sites of auxin (IAA) production in plants?
shoot apical meristem and young leaves
If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with
gibberellins
_____ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant.
abscisic acid
Mammalian eyes sense light because the photoreceptor cells have molecules called opsins, which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecules would be analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability?
Pfr and phytochrome
Phytocrome plays a critical role in seed germination. Which of the colors maximizes the seed germination?
red
The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is
abscisic acid
Mycorrhizal fungi are especially good at helping plants take up the mineral called…
phosphorus
The transportation route in a plant that moves through plasmodesmata is called…
symplastic transport
Proton pumps are composed of…
protein
What ion is responsible for the membrane potential in plants?
protons (H+)
____ work together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation
cytokinins
Which of the following phyla is a pseudocoelomate?
(cnidaria, nemertea, rotifera, or echinodermata)
rotifera
In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostomes and not a deuterostome?
you see a mouth, but not an anus
What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?
presence of hox genes
One should expect to find cilia/flagella associated with the feeding apparatus of _____
sponges
You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?
it has no coelom
Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?
hydrostatic skeleton
Which structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey?
a radula
If a lung were to be found in a mollusk, where would it be located?
mantle cavity
Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals?
vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules
The process of obtaining food is known as ____ and requires specialized feeding mechanisms
ingestion
An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____
allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes______
use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)
In the digestive system, peristalsis is ______
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?
small intestine - polysaccharide digestion
To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _______
four-chambered heart
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would______
disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
giraffe
Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?
the worms are blocking the lymph vessels
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ______
activation of prothrombin to thrombin
A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ______
give up more of its oxygen molecules
Name five characteristics of animals
- heterotrophs
- lack cell walls
- multicellular
- reproduces sexually
- have nerves and muscles that allow them to move during at least one point in their life
The eight cell stage development is called a(n) _____
morula
______ is the volume of air inhaled with each breath
tidal volume
______ are produced in the small intestines and work in the final step of breaking down sugars into monomers.
Dissacharidases
The small intestine produces no enzymes to aid in digesting _____
fat
The liver produces _____ that is stored in the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion of _____
bile; fat
______ bypass the circulatory system and liver and instead are picked and carried in the ________
fats; lymphatic system
Name the three prominent veins that come together to form the portal vein.
Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein
A climber had a fall that resulted in a closed head injury. After the fall, he had problems with ventilation regulation. Which part of the brain was affected by the fall?
The medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
If you eat more calories than you need, your body will store the excess. List the outline of progressive steps in the process.
ATP –> creatine phosphate –> glucose –> glycogen –> fat (adipose tissue)
What would be the immediate result if humans did not produce surfactants?
It would be hard to breathe due to the collapse of alveoli in the lungs
What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal?
pheromones
The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because_____
only target cells contain aldosterone receptors
When a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then ______
the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas polypeptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell
A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?
paracrine
What happens in a cell when adenylyl cyclase is activated?
cAMP is created
Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of _____
glucagon
An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is _____
insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the
hypothalamus
Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ______
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is _____
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
What would be a likely outcome of a person not consuming enough iodine in their diet?
reduce cellular metabolism
When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rate?
alcohol inhibits the release of ADH
Fight or flight reactions include activation of the _____
adrenal medulla, leading to the increased secretion of epinephrine
In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone _____
cortisol
DES is called an “endocrine disrupting chemical” because it interferes with the endocrine secretions of the _____
ovaries
Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone density. Which of the following would produce the greatest increase in bone calcium levels?
calcitonin injection
The body’s reaction to parathyroid hormone (PTH), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by ______
calcitonin
What are the three cell types that are antigen presenting?
- dendritic cells
- B cells
- macrophages
What autocrine signal does a helper T-cell produce?
Interleukin II or Cytokines
_______ are specialized white blood cells that circulate in the blood and are responsible for destroying infected body cells
Neutrophils
______ are able to detect abnormal body cells such as in tumors or cancer. They release chemicals that lead to cell death.
Natural Killer Cells
Gout is caused by a crystallization of ________ in the joints of humans.
uric acid
_______ is a word used to describe organisms that can live in a dehydrated state
anhydrobiosis
Osmoconformers are _______ to the environment in which they live
isoosmotic
Changes in blood osmolarity are detected ______ cells in the hypothalamus. When blood osmolarity _______, they stimulate _______ cells to produce ADH. ADH travels through the ______ of the neuron, which passes through the _______ which connects the hypothalamus to the posterior ______ gland where aldosterone is released and picked up by the capillary bed before exiting through the _____ vein.
osmoreceptor; increase; neurosecretory; axons; infundibular; pituitary; hypophoseal
During the _____ phase the endometrium of the uterus thickens
proliferative
______ the term for the filling of erectile tissue with blood
vasocongestion
_______ contribute to the sac that surrounds the yolk and a connection between the yolk and the embryo, but do not contribute to the embryo itself
Hypoblast
The ______ is the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and does not contribute to the embryo, but instead initiates implantation
trophoblast
A physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. What type of receptor might be responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?
chemoreceptors
Although some sharks close their eyes just before they bite, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal object and that they can find batteries buried under sand. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that
a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river
The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs
when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons
During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions
bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin binding sites on actin are exposed
The middle ear converts
mechanical energy to fluid pressure waves
Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?
olfactory receptor - electromagnetic receptor
Chitin is a significant component of the ______
exoskeleton of insects
The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by ______
using peristaltic contractions and relaxations of its flagella
Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely ______
swimming by a 100 kilogram tuna (bony fish)
ball and socket joint connects ______
the humerus to the scapula
This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors that are located ______
on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell
When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others listed below)?
conformational change in troponin
The venom of cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. one substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. How does the venom affect the prey of the cobra?
muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis
The leg muscle of a sprinter would differ from a marathon runner in that ______
per gram, the marathon runner’s muscles would contain more myoglobin than the sprinter’s muscles
The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of ______
ATP needed to break actin myosin bonds
The motor unit in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to ______
one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses
Most of the ATP supplies for a skeletal muscle undergoing one hour of sustained exercise come from
aerobics respiration
Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which _____
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by an overactive immune system
Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have_____
less resistance to fatigue
The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on_____
myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high energy to a low energy state
Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the ______
olfactory bulb
Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information where ______
neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors
How could you genetically modify an animal so that it would distinguish more shades of green?
introduce genes for different opsins that respond in the green region of the spectrum
Rods exposed to light will____
hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels
Lateral inhibition via horizontal cells in the mammalian retina ______
enhances visual contrast
Sensory transduction of light in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by ______
rods and cones
It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have _____
compound eyes with multiple ommatidia
Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ______
the membrane is distorted mechanically
Parkinson’s disease is associated with a lack of ______ in the brain
dopamine
Opiates bind to the same receptor as _____ and thus can be used as painkillers
endorphins
_______ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
glycine
_____ are glial cells that help to protect against neurotoxins in the brain
astrocytes
____ produce cerebral spinal fluid
ependymal cells
List three parts of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
list the three divisions of the brainstem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
The _____ receives and integrates sensory information and sends it to specific regions of the brain
midbrain
Breathing, heart, swallowing, and vomiting… are all controlled by the ________ in the brain stem
medulla oblongata
Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _____ adjacent to the piptuitary
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
Watching dramatic action-packed videos would strengthen the control of the _____ system
limbic
_______ receptors provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs
somatosensory
Which area of the brain may be injured if a patient is ahving difficulty understanding language?
Wernicke’s area
Hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms characterize ______. It affects neuronal pathways that use dopamine as neurotransmitter.
Schizophrenia
Turning light energy into changes in membrane potential is an example of ______
transduction
