Ch 51 Flashcards
an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system
behavior
The claw-waving behavior has two functions:
1) It helps to repel other males
2) attract females
Behaviors and the anatomical structures related to their _______ are subject to _______
performance; natural selection
Niko Tinbergen’s 3 questions about animal behavior
1) What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2) How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
3) How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
_______ is the study of the ecological basis for animal behavior
Behavioral ecology
_______ causation addresses how a behavior occurs or is modified, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2
Proximate
_______ causation addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection, and ecology
Ultimate
Proximate causation addresses _______ a behavior _______ or is _______, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2
how; occurs; modified
Ultimate causation addresses _______ a behavior ________ in the context of natural selection, and ecology.
why; occurs
A _______ is a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
fixed action pattern
Fixed action patterns are _______ and, once initiated, usually carried to completion
unchangeable
A fixed action pattern is triggered by an external cue known as a _______
sign stimulus
_______ is a regular, long-distance change in location
migration
Animals can orient themselves using their position relative to
1) The _______, using their circadian clock to adjust for changes in its position
2) The _______
3) Earth’s _______
sun; North Star; magnetic field
Some animal behavior is affected by the animal’s _______
circadian rhythm
Behaviors such as _______ and _______ are linked to changing seasons, or a circannual rhythm
migration and reproduction
Some behaviors are linked to _______, which affect tidal movements
lunar cycles
In behavioral ecology, a _______ is a stimulus transmitted from one organism to another
Signal
_______ is the transmission and reception of signals between animals
Communication
Animals communicate using what 4 signals
1) visual
2) chemical
3) tactile
4) auditory
What is the honeybee’s symbolic language?
waggle dance
- The _______ of the straight run of the dance relative to the vertical surface of the hive indicates the direction of the food source
- Distance to the food source is indicated by the _______ of the straight run and the number of abdominal waggles
- If food is less than 50 m away, the bee simply moves in _______ while moving its abdomen side to side
angle; length; tight circles
Animals that communicate through odors or tastes emit chemical substances called _______
pheromones
________ is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals
Innate behavior
A _______ study places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species in a similar environment
cross-fostering
Cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists to identify the contribution of _______ to an animal’s behavior
environment
In humans, _______ allow researchers to compare the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior
twin studies
_______ is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
Learning
_______ is the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
Imprinting
Imprinting can only take place during a specific time in development called the _______
sensitive period
_______ is the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure
Spatial learning
A _______ is an internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings
cognitive map
In _______, animals associate one feature of their environment with another
associative learning
_______ is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
Classical conditioning
_______ is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary _______ is associated with a reward or punishment
stimulus
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its _______ with a reward or punishment
behaviors
_______ is a process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
Cognition
Cognition is a process of knowing that involves _______, _______, _______, and _______
awareness; reasoning; recollection; judgement
_______ is a cognitive activity of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle
Problem solving
______ is learning through the observation of others
Social learning
_______ is a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population
Culture
_______, or food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items
foraging
The _______ views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food
Optimal foraging model (ex. crab mussel chart)
Risk of _______ affects foraging behavior
predation
Mating _______ and _______ play a major role in determining reproductive success
behavior; choice
In _______ relationships, an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex
polygamous
species form _______ relationships where one male mates with one female
monogamous
Species with polygamous mating systems are usually sexually _______: Males and females have different external morphologies
dimorphic
In _______, one male mates with many females
polygyny
In _______, one female mates with many males
polyandry
Consider bird species whose chicks need a continuous supply of food
- A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)
monogamy
Consider bird species whose chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves
- A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)
polygyny
In _______ selection, members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
intersexual
In _______ selection involves competition between members of the same sex for mates
Intrasexual
Mate choice can also be influenced by _______
imprinting
_______ is a behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice of others
Mate-choice copying
_______ evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved
Game theory
3 types of lizards
1) orange: aggressive, defend large territories
2) blue: defend, defend small territories
3) yellow: sneaky
Variation in the _______ or _______ of a gene product can have a large effect on behavior
activity or amount
In _______, some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others
altruism
_______ is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
Inclusive fitness
In _______, altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future
reciprocal altruism
