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Biology 102 > Ch 51 > Flashcards

Ch 51 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system

A

behavior

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2
Q

The claw-waving behavior has two functions:

A

1) It helps to repel other males
2) attract females

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3
Q

Behaviors and the anatomical structures related to their _______ are subject to _______

A

performance; natural selection

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4
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s 3 questions about animal behavior

A

1) What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2) How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
3) How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

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5
Q

_______ is the study of the ecological basis for animal behavior

A

Behavioral ecology

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6
Q

_______ causation addresses how a behavior occurs or is modified, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2

A

Proximate

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7
Q

_______ causation addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection, and ecology

A

Ultimate

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8
Q

Proximate causation addresses _______ a behavior _______ or is _______, including Tinbergen’s questions 1 and 2

A

how; occurs; modified

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9
Q

Ultimate causation addresses _______ a behavior ________ in the context of natural selection, and ecology.

A

why; occurs

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10
Q

A _______ is a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

A

fixed action pattern

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11
Q

Fixed action patterns are _______ and, once initiated, usually carried to completion

A

unchangeable

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12
Q

A fixed action pattern is triggered by an external cue known as a _______

A

sign stimulus

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13
Q

_______ is a regular, long-distance change in location

A

migration

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14
Q

Animals can orient themselves using their position relative to
1) The _______, using their circadian clock to adjust for changes in its position
2) The _______
3) Earth’s _______

A

sun; North Star; magnetic field

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15
Q

Some animal behavior is affected by the animal’s _______

A

circadian rhythm

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16
Q

Behaviors such as _______ and _______ are linked to changing seasons, or a circannual rhythm

A

migration and reproduction

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17
Q

Some behaviors are linked to _______, which affect tidal movements

A

lunar cycles

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18
Q

In behavioral ecology, a _______ is a stimulus transmitted from one organism to another

A

Signal

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19
Q

_______ is the transmission and reception of signals between animals

A

Communication

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20
Q

Animals communicate using what 4 signals

A

1) visual
2) chemical
3) tactile
4) auditory

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21
Q

What is the honeybee’s symbolic language?

A

waggle dance

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22
Q
  • The _______ of the straight run of the dance relative to the vertical surface of the hive indicates the direction of the food source
  • Distance to the food source is indicated by the _______ of the straight run and the number of abdominal waggles
  • If food is less than 50 m away, the bee simply moves in _______ while moving its abdomen side to side
A

angle; length; tight circles

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23
Q

Animals that communicate through odors or tastes emit chemical substances called _______

A

pheromones

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24
Q

________ is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals

A

Innate behavior

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25
Q

A _______ study places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species in a similar environment

A

cross-fostering

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25
Q

Cross-fostering studies help behavioral ecologists to identify the contribution of _______ to an animal’s behavior

A

environment

26
Q

In humans, _______ allow researchers to compare the relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior

A

twin studies

27
Q

_______ is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

A

Learning

28
Q

_______ is the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object

A

Imprinting

29
Q

Imprinting can only take place during a specific time in development called the _______

A

sensitive period

30
Q

_______ is the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure

A

Spatial learning

31
Q

A _______ is an internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings

A

cognitive map

32
Q

In _______, animals associate one feature of their environment with another

A

associative learning

33
Q

_______ is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment

A

Classical conditioning

34
Q

_______ is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

A

Operant conditioning

35
Q

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an arbitrary _______ is associated with a reward or punishment

A

stimulus

36
Q

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its _______ with a reward or punishment

A

behaviors

37
Q

_______ is a process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment

A

Cognition

38
Q

Cognition is a process of knowing that involves _______, _______, _______, and _______

A

awareness; reasoning; recollection; judgement

39
Q

_______ is a cognitive activity of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

A

Problem solving

40
Q

______ is learning through the observation of others

A

Social learning

41
Q

_______ is a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

A

Culture

42
Q

_______, or food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items

A

foraging

43
Q

The _______ views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food

A

Optimal foraging model (ex. crab mussel chart)

44
Q

Risk of _______ affects foraging behavior

A

predation

45
Q

Mating _______ and _______ play a major role in determining reproductive success

A

behavior; choice

46
Q

In _______ relationships, an individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex

A

polygamous

46
Q

species form _______ relationships where one male mates with one female

A

monogamous

47
Q

Species with polygamous mating systems are usually sexually _______: Males and females have different external morphologies

A

dimorphic

48
Q

In _______, one male mates with many females

A

polygyny

49
Q

In _______, one female mates with many males

A

polyandry

50
Q

Consider bird species whose chicks need a continuous supply of food
- A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)

A

monogamy

51
Q

Consider bird species whose chicks are soon able to feed and care for themselves
- A male maximizes his reproductive success by (_______)

A

polygyny

52
Q

In _______ selection, members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

A

intersexual

53
Q

In _______ selection involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

A

Intrasexual

54
Q

Mate choice can also be influenced by _______

A

imprinting

55
Q

_______ is a behavior in which individuals copy the mate choice of others

A

Mate-choice copying

56
Q

_______ evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved

A

Game theory

57
Q

3 types of lizards

A

1) orange: aggressive, defend large territories
2) blue: defend, defend small territories
3) yellow: sneaky

58
Q

Variation in the _______ or _______ of a gene product can have a large effect on behavior

A

activity or amount

59
Q

In _______, some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others

A

altruism

60
Q

_______ is the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

A

Inclusive fitness

61
Q

In _______, altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future

A

reciprocal altruism

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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