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Biology 102 > Ch 43 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch 43 pt 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

agents that cause disease

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2
Q

dedicated cells of the _________ interact with and destroy ________

A

Immune system, pathogens

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3
Q

Name the 4 cellular pathogens

A

1) parasites
2) protozoa
3) fungi
4) prokaryote

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4
Q

Name the 2 acellular pathogens

A

1) virus
2) prions

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of molecular recognition that allow detection of non-self molecules, particles, and cells?

A

1) Innate Immunity
2) Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

What is innate immunity? (2)

A

1) recognition of traits SHARED by broad ranges of pathogens using a SMALL set of receptors
2) Rapid response

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7
Q

What is adaptive immunity? (2)

A

1) recognition of traits SPECIFIC to particular pathogens using a VAST array of receptors
2) Slower response

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of defenses in innate immunity?

A

1) Barrier defenses
2) Internal defenses

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9
Q

What are the 3 barrier defenses?

A

1) skin
2) mucous membrane
3) secretions

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of internal defenses

A

1) phagocytic cells
2) natural killer cells
3) antimicrobial proteins
4) inflammatory response

PAIN

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity responses? (describe them)

A

1) humoral response: ANTIBODIES defend against infections in body FLUIDS
2) cell-mediated response: CYTOTOXIC CELLS defend against infections in body CELLS

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of innate immunity in invertebrates?

A

1) An exoskeleton made of chitin forms 1st barrier
2) chitin based barrier + lysozyme protect digestive system
3) hemocytes in hemolymph carry out phagocytosis

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13
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

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14
Q

What do hemocytes do?

A

Secret antimicrobial peptides that disrupt plasma membrane of fungi and bacteria

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15
Q

How does the immune system recognize bacteria and fungi?

A

Structures on their cell walls (antigens)

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16
Q

How do insects defend against viruses?

A

they can recognize virus double-stranded RNA

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17
Q

Explain antiviral defense in insects (3)

A

1) virus infects host cell and begins replicating ssRNA
2) Dicer-2 recognizes foreign dsRNA and cuts it up
3) Argo protein picks one up and now “knows” what to destroy by cleaving

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18
Q

What is the main goal of innate immunity in vertebrates?

A

recognize that something is foreign

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19
Q

What are the barrier defenses in innate immunity in vertebrates?

A

In respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts:
1) Skin
2) Mucous membrane

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20
Q

What allow for the removal of microbes?

A

mucus traps

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21
Q

What bodily fluids are hostile to microbes?

A

1) Saliva
2) Mucus
3) Tears
by lysozymes that break cell walls

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22
Q

What are the affects of low pH of the skin and digestive system?

A

prevents growth of bacteria

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23
Q

How do mammals detect invading pathogens?

A

use cells called Toll-like receptors (TLR’s)

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24
Q

How do TLR’s recognize pathogens?

A

they recognize fragments of molecules of a set of pathogens

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25
Q

What are the 2 main types of phagocytic cells in mammals?

A

1) neutrophils
2) macrophages

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26
Q

What do neutrophils do and where are they found?

A

1) they respond to signals from damaged tissue or presence of pathogens
2) found circulating in blood

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27
Q

Where are macrophages found? (2)

A

1) found migrating through body
2) permanently in organs/tissues

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28
Q

What are the 2 additional types of phagocytic cells?

A

1) dendritic cells
2) eosinophils

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29
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

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30
Q

Where are dendritic cells found? (2)

A

1) They are found in tissues in contact with the environment
2) They migrate to lymph nodes after pathogen detection

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31
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

they discharge destructive enzymes against parasites (multicellular invaders)

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32
Q

What are the functions of Natural Killer cells? (2)

A

1) detect abnormal cells
2) They release chemicals leading to cell death

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33
Q

Where are natural killer cells found?

A

They are found circulating the body and involve the lymph system

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34
Q

What is the main function of antimicrobial peptides and proteins? (2)

A

1) They attack pathogens
2) impede their reproduction

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of interferon proteins? (3)

A

1) interfere with viruses
2) activate macrophages
3) released by cells to warn neighboring cells

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36
Q

Where are complement proteins made?

A

They are produced in your liver

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37
Q

Complement proteins circulate in their _______ form. Why?

A

inactive; so they don’t attack the body

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38
Q

What activates complement proteins?

A

pathogen contact, which stimulates cascade of activation

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39
Q

What are the 3 affects of complement proteins?

A

1) Opsonization
2) Forms membrane attack complex
3) Enhance inflammation

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40
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Where complement proteins coat the surface of a pathogen which allows phagocytes to engulf them easily because of specialized receptors

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41
Q

What is a membrane attack complex?

A

Where complement proteins make a hole in pathogen membrane which leads to lysis

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42
Q

An inflammatory repsonse can be _______ or _______

A

local; systemic

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43
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Pain and swelling from molecules released by injury or infection

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44
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Immune cells that release histamine

44
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

In connective tissue

45
Q

What does histamine do? (2)

A

1) triggers vasodilation
2) increases the permeability of blood vessels

46
Q

What is the role of activated complement cells in the inflammatory response? (2)

A

1) promote the release of histamine
2) attract more phagocytic cells

47
Q

How does vasodilation help an inflammatory reponse?

A

It helps deliver antimicrobial proteins

48
Q

What is pus?

A

Pus is a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris

49
Q

What is a fever?

A

It is a systemic inflammatory response

50
Q

What is a fever triggered by?

A

It is triggered by substances released by macrophages in response to certain pathogens

51
Q

Characteristics of septic shock (2)

A

1) life-threatening
2) caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

52
Q

What are the 2 examples of pathogens that evade the innate immune system?

A

1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Tuberculosis (TB)

53
Q

What does adaptive response rely on?

A

Two types of lymphocytes
1) B cells
2) T cells

54
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

They mature in the thymus above the heart

55
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

They mature in bone marrow

56
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

57
Q

What are Antigen Receptors? (2)

A

1) Proteins that are specific to part of one molecule of a pathogen
2) how T or B cells bind to antigens

58
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

59
Q

B or T cells are specialized to ________ on a _________

A

Recognize epitope; specific antigen

60
Q

B cell antigen receptor traits

A

Y shaped molecule with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains with disulfide bridges

61
Q

Describe C and V regions on B cells

A

C regions vary little while
V regions differ greatly

62
Q

What do the variable regions provide?

A

Antigen specificity

63
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

When the Paratope on the V regions of the antigen receptor binds to the epitope on the antigen

64
Q

What happens when B cells are activated

A

They secrete a soluble form of the protein called an antibody or immunoglobulin (lg)

65
Q

What is the difference between antibodies and cell antigen receptors

A

Antibodies are secreted (not membrane bound)

66
Q

A T cells receptor consists of

A

two different polypeptide chains (alpha and beta)

67
Q

T cell antigen receptor regions:

A

Tips of the chains form V region
Rest is C region

68
Q

What do T cells do

A

Bind to epitope of antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

69
Q

Antigen fragments are presented by

A

cell-surface proteins called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

70
Q

What are MHC molecules?

A

Host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

71
Q

What is Antigen presentation?

A

When MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the infected cell’s surface

72
Q

What can the T cell bind to

A

Both the antigen fragment and MHC molecule

73
Q

What are the four major characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

1) Immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
2) Self-tolerance: lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules and cells
3) B and T cells proliferate after activation
4) Immunological memory

74
Q

What does the immune system do by combining variable elements?

A

It assembles millions of different antigen receptors from a small number of parts

75
Q

What is immunoglobulin (Ig) gene enconde?

A

The light chain of the B cell receptor

76
Q

What parts of the gene can produce many different chains?

A

V, J, and C regions

77
Q

What does the recombinase enzyme do?

A

Acts randomly to connect different V and J segments of the Ig gene in each B cell

78
Q

Rearrangements traits

A

1) Permanent
2) Passed on to daughter cells with lymphocyte division

79
Q

What happens to the rearranged genes

A

They are transcribed and translated to produce unique antigen receptors

80
Q

Lymphocytes mature in

A

1) Bone marrow
2) Thymus
- Where they are tested for self-reactivity

81
Q

If lymphocytes don’t pass the “test”

A

apoptosis

82
Q

There are ________ lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any _______

A

few; epitope

83
Q

What happens in lymph nodes regarding antigens?

A

An antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until a match is made

84
Q

What does the binding of a mature lymphocyte to antigen initiate?

A

Events that activate the lymphocyte

85
Q

Activated lymphocytes undergo

A

Clonal Selection

86
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

process of creating clones

87
Q

What are the clones of activated lymphocytes called?

A

effector cells

88
Q

What do effector cells do?

A

they act immediately against the antigen

89
Q

Effector cells that secrete antibodies are called

A

Plasma Cells

90
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Some long lived cells that give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

91
Q

What is immunological memory responsible for?

A

Long-term protection against diseases

92
Q

What does the first exposure to specific antigen represent

A

The primary immune response:
clone of lymphocytes

93
Q

What happens in the secondary immune response?

A

memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response from a reservoir of T and B memory cells

94
Q

What happens in the humoral immune response?

A

Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph through B cells, plasma cells

95
Q

What happens in the cell-mediated immune response?

A

Specialized T cells destroy affect host cell

96
Q

What do helper T cell (effector cells) activate? (2)

A

1) Humoral immunity
2) Cell-mediated immunity

97
Q

Where must the antigen be displayed on?

A

The surface of an antigen-presenting cell which allows the bind of the antigen to the receptor on the helper T cell

98
Q

What are the 2 types of Antigen Presenting proteins?

A

1) Class I MHC
2) Class II MHC

99
Q

What does Class 2 MHC do?

A

Provide molecular signature by which antigen presenting cells are recognized

100
Q

What happens when helper T cells bind to antigen and the class 2 MHC molecule

A

Cytokine signals are exchanged between two cells:
interleukin 1 and interleukin 2

101
Q

What kind of signals are cytokine signals?

A

apocrine

102
Q

What happens when the helper T cell is activated

A

Forms a clone of helper T cells, which then activate the appropriate B cells

103
Q

What type of cells have class I MHC?

A

all body cells

104
Q

Which cells have Class II MHC?

A

1) dendritic cells
2) macrophages
3) B cells

105
Q

What is CD4?

A

a glycoprotein that verifies whether an antigen is really foreign

106
Q

Where is interleukin 1 released and what does it do?

A

it is released from the dendritic cell
it proliferates the helper T cells

107
Q

Where is interleukin 2 released and what does it do?

it does 3 things

A

It is released from the helper T cells
1) it proliferates helper T cells
2) it activates B cells (release antibodies)
3) it activates cytotoxic T cells to become killer cells

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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