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Biology 102 > Ch 40 > Flashcards

Ch 40 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Form

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Biological functions

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3
Q

What do physical laws govern?

A

Diffusion, strength, movement, and heat exchange

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4
Q

What do the properties of water limit?

A

Possible Shapes for fast swimming animals

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5
Q

As animal increase in size what also needs to increase?

A

Thicker skeleton (bone density)

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6
Q

What must be exchanged across cell membranes of an animal cell?

A

Nutrients, waste, and gases

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7
Q

What is rate of exchange proportional to?

A

Cell’s surface area

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8
Q

What is amount of exchange materials proportional to?

A

Cell’s volume

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9
Q

Does a single celled organism living in water have sufficient surface area to carry out all exchanges?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How thick are body walls in multicellular organisms with sack like body?

A

2 cells thick, that facilitate diffusion of materials

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11
Q

How do flat animals interact with their environment?

A

Most of their cells make direct contact

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12
Q

What are complex organism composed of?

A

Compact masses of cells with complex internal organization

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13
Q

What are interstitial fluid?

A

The space between cells which link exchange surfaces to body cells

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14
Q

What does a complex body plan help with?

A

Maintain stable internal enviornment

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15
Q

What are the four type of animal tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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16
Q

What is epithelial tissue? (3)

A

1) Covers outside the body
2) Lines organs and cavities within body
3) Contains cells that are closely joined

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelial tissue?

A

1) stratified squamous: skin or esophagus
2) pseudostratified ciliated columnar: respiratory tract
3) simple squamous: lungs
4) simple columnar: intestine
5) cuboidal: kidney

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18
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that binds and supports other tissues

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19
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

1) Collagenous fibers: Strength and flexibility
2) Reticular Fibers: Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
3) Elastic Fibers: Stretch and snap back to their original length

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20
Q

What cells does connective tissue contain? (2)

A

1) Fibroblasts: secrete protein of extracellular fibers
2) Macrophages: involved in immune system

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21
Q

Fibro

A

Fiber

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22
Q

Macro

A

Large

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23
Q

What are the 6 major connective tissue?

A

1) Loose Connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
2) Fibrous connective tissue: Found in TENDON and LIGAMENTS
3) Bone: mineralized and form skeleton
4) Adipose tissue: stores fat for insulation and fuel
5) Blood: composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
6) Cartilage: Strong and flexible support materials

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24
Q

What is muscle tissue? (2)

A

1) Responsible for body movement
2) Consist of filaments of proteins: actin and myosin, which cause contraction
ex)Myoblast and Myocyte

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, multinucleated
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, Branched, intercalated discs
Smooth: Involuntary

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26
Q

What are the functions of nervous tissue and what does it contain?

A

Functions in receipt, processing, and transmission of information
Contains:
Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses
Glial Cells: Which support cells

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27
Q

What systems effect control and coordination?

A

Endocrine system and nervous system

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28
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Releases signaling molecules called hormones into blood stream

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29
Q

explain hormone affects compared to signals by the nervous system? (2)

A

1) Affect one or more regions
2) Slow acting and have long lasting effects

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30
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Transmits info between specific locations
Very fast

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31
Q

What does information conveyed depend on?

A

Signal pathway not type of signal

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32
Q

What are regulators

A

animals that use internal control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

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33
Q

What are conformers?

A

Animals that allow its internal condition to vary with certain external change

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34
Q

Are animals regulators or conformers?

A

Both

35
Q

Humans regulate homeostasis of? (3)

A

Body temperature, Blood pH, and glucose levels

36
Q

explain a setpoint, stimulus, sensor, and response?

A

Fluctuations above or below the Set points serves as a stimulus, which are detected by a sensor
This generates an output that triggers a response

37
Q

What does homeostasis rely on?

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

Amplify a stimulus and doesn’t contribute to homeostasis

39
Q

What do set points and normal ranges changes change with

A

age or cyclic variation

40
Q

What does circadian rhythm do?

A

Governs physiological changes that occur every 24 hours

41
Q

Acclimatization

A

Temporary change during an animal’s lifetime

42
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process which animals maintain internal temp within a normal range

43
Q

Endothermic

A

Generate heat by metabolism
Birds and mammals

44
Q

Ectothermic

A

Gain heat from external sources
Invertebrates, reptiles, fish

45
Q

Downside of endothermy

A

More energetically expensive

46
Q

Upside of ectotherms

A

tolerate greater variation in internal temp

47
Q

What is a Poikilotherm?

A

An animal whose body temp varies with environment

48
Q

Poikilo

A

Variable

49
Q

Homeotherm

A

Relatively constant body temp

50
Q

How do organisms exchange heat (4)

A

1) Radiation
2) Evaporation
3) Convection
4) Conduction

51
Q

Heat regulation in mammals involve?

A

Integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails

52
Q

Five adaptation that help animal thermoregulate

A

1) Insulation
2) Circulatory adaptations
3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4) Behavioral responses
5) Adjusting metabolic heat production (thermogenesis)

53
Q

What is insulation

A

A major thermoregulatory adaptation
Reduce heat flow between animal and environment

54
Q

Circulatory adaptation

A

1) Blood flow regulation near body surface
- Endotherms and some ectotherms can alter blood flow between core and skin

55
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood flow in skin increases facilitating heat loss

56
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blow flood in skin decreases, lowering heat loss

57
Q

What blood vessel arrangement do marine animals and birds use?

A

Countercurrent exchange
Transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and reduce heat loss

58
Q

Evaporative heat loss

A

1) Sweating or bathing moistens skin to help cooling down
2) Panting increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals

59
Q

What are some ways animals exhibit behavioral responses for temperature?

A

1) exhibited by Ectoderms and sometimes endoderms
2) Seek warm places when cold and when hot they bathe or move to a colder area

60
Q

What are examples of metabolic heat production?

A

1) Thermogenesis
2) nonshivering thermogenesis

61
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The adjustment of metabolic heat production
Increased muscle activity by moving or shivering

62
Q

What is nonshivering thermogenesis?

A

Hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

63
Q

Brown fat

A

1) Specialized for rapid heat production
2) found in infants of mammals and mammals that hibernate
3) Humans brown fat depends on temperature

64
Q

What are examples of acclimatization in thermoregulation?

A

1) birds and mammals vary insulation
2) lipid composition of cell mambranes change
3) Ectotherms produce antifreeze

65
Q

What controls thermoregulation?

A

Controlled by a region of brain called hypothalamus
Triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms

66
Q

If you have an infection do you want to be warm or cold

A

warm

67
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

overall flow and transformation of energy in animal
Determines animals nutritional needs: size, activity, and environment

68
Q

What is biosynthesis

A

1) body growth and repair
2) synthesis of storage materials such as fat
3) production of gametes

69
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a unit of time

70
Q

What can be used to determine metabolic rate?

A

1) An animal’s heat loss
2) Amount oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced
3) Measures energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste

71
Q

What equals metabolism

A

Anabolism and catabolism

72
Q

Basal Metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at comfy temperature

73
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at specific temperature

74
Q

Who has higher metabolic rates?

A

Endotherms

75
Q

Other factors of metabolic rates (6)

A

1) Age
2) sex
3) size
4) activity
5) temperature
6) nutrition

76
Q

What is metabolic rate proportional to

A

body mass to power of 3/4

77
Q

How does the metabolic rate of small animals per gram compare to large animals

A

It is greater

78
Q

What does higher metabolic rate lead to

A

Higher oxygen rate, breathing rate, heart rate, greater blood volume

79
Q

What is a torpor?

A

Physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

80
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Long term torpor to skip winter LOL

81
Q

What is summer torpor?

A

Estivation: to avoid high temperatures and low water

82
Q

Who exhibits daily torpor?

A

Small mammals and birds that correlate to feeding pattern

83
Q

What is daily torpor?

A

1) exhibited by small animals and birds
2) adapted to feeding patterns

84
Q

What is osteon

A

the smallest functional unit of bone

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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