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Biology 102 > Ch 47 > Flashcards

Ch 47 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does a human embryo begin to show distinctive features?

A

5 week

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2
Q

Order of embryonic development (frog) (6)

A

Zygote
Blastula
Gastrula
Tail-bud embryo (frog)
Larval Stage
Adult

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3
Q

What is the definition for Fertilization?

A

Formation of diploid zygote from haploid egg and sperm

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4
Q

Sperm ____ the protective layer around the egg

A

Penetrate

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5
Q

What binds to the molecules on the sperm surface?

A

Receptors on egg surface

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6
Q

What is Polyspermy?

A

The entry of multiple sperm nuclei into the egg

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7
Q

What prevents polyspermy

A

Changes at egg surface

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8
Q

What is triggered when the sperm meets the Egg?

A

Acrosomal Reaction

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9
Q

What releases hydrolytic enzyme that digest material surround the egg?

A

Acrosome

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10
Q

What causes fast block to polyspermy

A

Gamete contact depolarizes the egg cell membrane and causes the blockage

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11
Q

Fusion of egg and sperm initiate which reaction? What does it form?

A

Cortical Reaction
Forms fertilization envelope

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12
Q

What does the fertilization envelope act as

A

Slow block to polyspermy

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13
Q

Cortical reaction requires?

A

High concentration of calcium ion in the egg

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14
Q

What is cortical reaction caused by?

A

Change in Ca concentration
Spread of Ca correlates with appearance of the fertilization envelope

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15
Q

The rise of Ca in cytosol cause increase of what?

A

Cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell

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16
Q

When is an egg activated?

A

With rapid changes of metabolism (inc cell respiration and protein synthesis)

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17
Q

Where are proteins and mRNA needed for activation come from?

A

Already present in the egg

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18
Q

Because humans have internal fertilization, sperm must travel through ______ to get to the zone of pellucida

A

follicle cells

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19
Q

Sperm must travel through a layer of follicle cells surrounding the egg to reach?

A

The zone pellucida
extracellular matrix of egg

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20
Q

Sperm binding triggers?

A

Cortical Reaction

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21
Q

Time in mammals for the first cell division?

A

12-36 hours

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22
Q

What follows after fertilization?

A

Cleavage: period of rapid cell division without growth

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23
Q

Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called?

A

Blastomeres

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24
Q

Ball of cells

A

Blastula

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25
Q

Blastula fluid filled cavity

A

Blastocoel

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26
Q

Why is cleavage asymmetric in frogs?

A

Due to distribution of yolk

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27
Q

Which pole has more yolk?

A

Vegetal pole

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28
Q

Which pole has less yolk?

A

Animal pole

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29
Q

The first two cleavage furrows in the frog form?

A

4 equal blastomeres

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30
Q

What is the third cleavage in a frog like

A

Forms unequal blastomeres due to yolk in vegetal hemisphere

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31
Q

Complete division of the egg and occurs in species with little/moderate amount of yolk?

A

Holoblastic Cleavage

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32
Q

Incomplete Division of the egg and occurs in species with lots of yolk?

A

Meroblastic cleavage

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33
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations
Gastrulation
Organogensis

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34
Q

The movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

A

Gastrulation

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35
Q

The formation of organs

A

Organogenesis

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36
Q

Gastrulation

A

Rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three layered embryo called a gastrula

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37
Q

Gastrula

A

3 layered embyro

38
Q

Three layers produced by gastrulation?

A

Germ layers

39
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer

40
Q

Endoderm

A

Digestive tract

41
Q

Mesoderm

A

Fill the space between endoderm and ectoderm

42
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the epidermis

A

ectoderm

43
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and sensory system

A

ectoderm

44
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland

A

ectoderm

45
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the adrenal medulla

A

ectoderm

46
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the jaws and teeth

A

ectoderm

47
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the skeletal and muscular systems

A

mesoderm

48
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the circulatory and lymphatic systems

A

mesoderm

49
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the excretory and reproductive systems

A

mesoderm

50
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the dermis of the skin

A

mesoderm

51
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

52
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs

A

endoderm

53
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts and ducts

A

endoderm

54
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

A

endoderm

55
Q

How does frog gastrulation begin?

A

Begins when a group of cells on DORSAL side of Blastula begin to invaginate

56
Q

Frog gastrulation process

A

1) cells move from embryo surface into embryo by involution
2) Becomes endo and mesoderm
3) Cells on embryo surface will form the ectoderm
4) New cavity is called the Archenteron
5) This opens through the blastopore which will become the anus

57
Q

Prior to gastrulation in chicks the embryo is composed of?

A

Upper/lower layer
epiblast
hypoblast

58
Q

Where do the epiblast cells move during gastrulation

A

Move toward the midline of the blastoderm and then into embryo towards the yolk

59
Q

Midline thickening forms what?

A

Primitive streak

60
Q

Hypoblast role in chick gastrulation

A

Contribute to the sac that surround the yolk and connection between yolk and embryo

61
Q

Human equivalent of the blastula

A

Blastocyst

62
Q

Cluster of cells at one end of bastocyst

A

Inner cell mass

63
Q

Outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and initiates implantation

A

trophoblast

64
Q

Trophoblast continues to expand what is formed?

A

Extraembryonic membranes

65
Q

Gastrulation in humans is similar to chick embryo how?

A

It involves inward movement from epiblast through a primitive streak

66
Q

Four extra embryonic membranes?

A

Chorion, Allantois, amnion, Yolk sac
Provide life support system for embryo

67
Q

Reproduction out of aqueous environments require?

A

Shelled eggs
or Uterus

68
Q

Embryos are surrounded by fluid in a sac called?

A

Amnion
Allows reproduction on dry land

69
Q

Functions in gas exchange

A

Chorion

70
Q

Encloses the amniotic fluid

A

Amnion

71
Q

Encloses the yolk

A

Yolk sac

72
Q

Disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange

A

Allantois

73
Q

What process begins the formation of brain and spinal cord?

A

Neurulation

74
Q

How does neurulation begin?

A

Cells from dorsal mesoderm form the notochord

75
Q

What forms the neural plate?

A

Signaling molecules secreted by the notochord and other tissues cause the ectoderm above to form neural plate

76
Q

When cells or tissues cause a developmental change in nearby cells?

A

Induction

77
Q

Neural plate curves inward forming the _______?

A

Creates neural tube
Will become central nervous system

78
Q

What happens to the notochord?

A

Disappears before birth but helps contributes to parts of the disks between vertebrae

79
Q

Where do the neural crest cells develop and migrate along?

A

It develops along the neural tube of vertebrates and migrate in the body

80
Q

What does the mesoderm form lateral to the notochord

A

Somites

81
Q

What do Somites form?

A

Form mesenchyme cells form vertebrae, ribs, and muscles

82
Q

Organogenesis in Chick

A

Similar to frog
By the time embryo is 3 days old most rudiments of the major egg are apparent

83
Q

Whats required to help cause cell shape changes or cause a cell to migrate to a new location?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton are essential to these events

84
Q

What is the major force in changing cell shape?

A

Reorganizing the cytoskeleton

85
Q

How do cells become wedge shaped

A

Contraction of actin filaments at the apical end of cells

86
Q

4 examples of Apoptosis

A

1) tail of tadpoles
2) used to eliminate extra neurons
3) Formation of ventricles of the brain and heart
4) Apoptosis of tissue between digits

87
Q

Resulting specialization in structure and function

A

Differentitation

88
Q

Process by which a cell becomes committed to particular fate

A

Determination

89
Q

Cells in multicellular organism share?

A

The same genome

90
Q

How are differences in cell types caused?

A

Result of the expression of different sets of genes

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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