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Biology 102 > Ch 50 A > Flashcards

Ch 50 A Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimuli =

A

energy

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2
Q

When may a motor response be generated?

A

When a stimulus is received and processed by the nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic function of the sensory pathway?

A

1) Sensory reception
2) Transduction
3) Transmission
4) Perception

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4
Q

What is Sensory reception?

A

Detecting of stimulus by sensory receptors

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5
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor

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6
Q

What is Transmission?

A

Sensory info travels through the nervous system as action potentials

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7
Q

Where does a sensory pathway begin?

A

Sensory reception
Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

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8
Q

What are Sensory receptors?

A

Sensory cells or organs

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory receptions?

A

1) neuronal: receptor is the afferent neuron
2) non-neuronal: receptor regulates afferent neuron

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10
Q

What is transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus into a change in membrane potential

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11
Q

Receptor potentials are what kind of potential?
why?

A

Graded potentials
Magnitude varies with strength of stimulus

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12
Q

What is transmission?

A

Sensory info travels through the nervous system as action potentials

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13
Q

How does sensory information travel through nervous system?

A

As action potential

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14
Q

What changes how often action potentials are produced

A

Stimulus

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15
Q

What is integration?

A

When our brain combines info from different sources

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16
Q

When can the processing of sensory information occur?

A

Before, during, and after transmission of action potentials to the CNS

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17
Q

When does integration begin?

A

As soon as information is received

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18
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain’s construction of stimuli
How the brain interprets incoming info

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19
Q

How does brain distinguish stimuli from different receptors ?

A

Based on the path by which the action potential arrive

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20
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

The decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

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21
Q

What is amplification?

A

the strenthening of a sensory signal during transduction

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22
Q

5 sensory receptors

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Electromagnetic receptors
4) Thermoreceptors
5) Pain receptors

23
Q

How do Mechanoreceptors work? (2)

A

1) Sense physical deformation caused by mechanical energy
2) Uses ion channels linked to structures outside the cell

24
Q

What does mammalian sense of touch relies on?

A

Mechanoreceptors that are dendrites of sensory neurons

25
Q

What are the 2 touch organ receptors?

A

1) free nerve ending
2) meissner corpuscle

26
Q

What do mechanoreceptors open?

A

mechanically gated channels

27
Q

How do Chemoreceptors work? (2)

A

1) Some transmit info about the total solute concentration of a solution (ex. blood)
2) Others respond to individual kinds of molecules (ex. taste cells, olfactory rececption cells)

28
Q

What happens when a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor?

A

Chemoreceptor becomes more or less permeable to ions

29
Q

What do chemoreceptors open?

A

chemically gated channels

30
Q

How do Electromagnetic receptors work?

A

Detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, magnetism

31
Q

What do electromagnetic receptors open?

A

electrically gated channels

32
Q

How do Thermoreceptors work?

A

1) Detect heat and cold
2) changes in temp open Ca+ channels

33
Q

What is special about jalepeno and cayenne peppers regarding thermoreceptors?

A

Receptors respond to capsaicin by opening a calcium channel

34
Q

What is a special trait about mammalian thermoreceptors?

A

they have thermoreceptors for each particular temperature range

35
Q

How do Pain receptors work?

A

AKA Nociceptors- detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions

36
Q

What do pain receptors respond to

A

Excess heat, pressure, or chemicals from damaged or inflamed tissues

37
Q

Invertebrates maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors located in organs called

A

statocysts

38
Q

Statocysts detect movements of granules called

A

statoliths

39
Q

What do statoliths do?

A

Provide info about the body position with respect to gravity

40
Q

What kind of channels detect changes in atmospheric pressure

A

Mechanically gated

41
Q

How do we hear

A

The ear transduces pressure waves (stimulus) into nerve impulses

42
Q

What do we use to hear inside the ear?

A

Hair cells

43
Q

Hearing process

A

1) vibrating objects create pressure waves in air
2) Air reaches the outer ear and vibrates the tympanic membrane
3) three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations to the oval window
4) The stapes vibrates against the oval window which creates pressure waves in the fluid inside the cochlea
5) pressure waves push down the cochlear duct and basilar membrane causing hair cells to vibrate up and down
6) depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potential via the auditory nerve

44
Q

When do fluid waves dissipate?

A

When they strike the round window at the end of the tympanic canal

45
Q

What resets the apparatus for the next vibrations

A

The damping of sound at the round window

46
Q

What is volume?

A

the amplitude of the sound wave

47
Q

What is pitch?

A

the frequency of the sound wave

48
Q

What is special about the basilar membrane and frequency?

A

each region is tuned for a particular vibration frequency

49
Q

what organs contain hair cells projecting into a gelatinous material?

A

Utricle and Saccule

50
Q

What helps us perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

A

Otoliths

51
Q

What contains fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction

A

Semicircular canals (3)

52
Q

What do fish have for hearing?

A

Pair of inner ears near the brain

53
Q

Lateral line system

A

Contains mechanorecptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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