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Biology 102 > Ch 45 pt 3 > Flashcards

Ch 45 pt 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the Thyroid hormone regulation pathway

A

1) hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
2) Causing the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3) TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

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2
Q

Which hormone is the only iodine containing molecule synthesized in the body

A

Thyroid hormone

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3
Q

What causes low levels of the thyroid hormone?

A

lack of iodine

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4
Q

What does low levels of thyroid hormone lead to? (2)

A

1) lack of negative feedback for pituitary gland
2) thyroid enlargement and goiter

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5
Q

Describe hormonal regulation of growth

A

1) hypothalamus releases growth hormone regulating hormone (GHRH)
2) Anterior pituitary responds to GHRH and secretes Growth hormone
3) liver responds to GH and releases insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

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6
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) has both _______and _______

A

Has tropic and nontropic effects

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7
Q

Tropic effect

A

Stimulates other endocrine glands

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8
Q

An excess of GH causes what?

A

Gigantism

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9
Q

What are Pituitary giants caused by?

A

1) Excessive GH during childhood
2) acromegaly if high levels continue in adulthood

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10
Q

What is Acromegaly caused by?

A

caused by tumors in pituitary

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11
Q

What is Short stature caused by? and how can it get treated?

A

Results from insufficient GH during childhood
Gets treated with GH injections before puberty

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12
Q

What gets released when Ca levels fall below a set point

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands

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13
Q

What gets released when Ca levels rise above a set point

A

calcitonin by c-cell (parafollicular cell) of thyroid

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14
Q

What are the functions of PTH?
(3ways)

A

Increases level of blood Ca by:
1) Stimulates osteoclasts to release Ca from the bone
2) stimulates reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys
3) indirectly stimulates by promoting vitamin D production

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15
Q

What are the functions of Calcitonin?
(2ways)

A

Reduces levels of Ca by:
1) Stimulates osteoblasts to deposit Ca in bones
2) stimulates the secretion of Ca in the kidneys

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16
Q

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

A

Located above kidneys

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17
Q

Adrenal glands two glands

A

Adrenal medulla (inner)
Adrenal Cortex (outer)

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18
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered what type of compounds

A

Catecholamines
Cause fight or flight response

19
Q

How does Epinephrine trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into blood?

A

Epinephrine binds to beta receptors on liver cells and activates protein kinase A

20
Q

What causes direction of blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles?

A

epinephrine binding to beta receptors on smooth muscle cells around blood vessels causing dilation

21
Q

What causes direction of blood away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys?

A

norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on smooth muscle cells around blood vessels causing constriction

22
Q

Arenal cortex becomes active when? (3)

A

Stressful conditions:
1) Low blood sugar
2) decreased blood volume/pressure
3) Shock

23
Q

Corticosteroids (2 types)

A

Two types
1) Glucocorticoids
2) Mineral corticoids

24
Q

What do Glucocorticoids influence? (2)

A

1) glucose metabolism
2) immune system
Ex. Cortisol - synthesis of glucose from non carbs and suppresses the immune system

25
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Affect salt and water balance
Ex. Aldosterone

26
Q

Where are sex hormones mainly produced? (3)

A

Gonads, testes, and ovaries

27
Q

What are the different sex hormones?

A

Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone
Found in both sexes but different proporitons

28
Q

What do the testes synthesize?

A

androgens (mainly testosterone)

29
Q

What is androgen responsible for?

A

secondary male sex characteristics

30
Q

Testosterone male secondary sex characteristics

A

1) Penis
2) Scrotum
3) Hair
4) Aggression
5) Musculature

31
Q

What is Estrogen responsible for?

A

Most important estradiol
Responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system

32
Q

Estrogen female secondary sex characteristics (6)

A

1) lack of body hair and thicker hair on head
2) Rounded hips
3) Slower generation of muscle mass
4) decreased upper body strength
5) Breasts, nurse children, menstrual cycle
6) Higher body fat

33
Q

What is Progesterone responsible for?

A

Preparing and maintaining the uterus

34
Q

What controls the synthesis of sex hormones

A

1) Gonadotropin
2) Follicle stimulating hormone
3) Luteinizing hormone
Found in anterior pituitary

35
Q

What controls gonadotropin secretion

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

36
Q

Synthetic estrogen

A

diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Daughter of women treated with DES Have higher chance of reproductive abnormalities

37
Q

What is an endocrine disruptor?

A

A molecule that interrupts normal function of a hormone pathway

38
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Located in brain secretes melatonin

39
Q

Melatonin

A

Relates to biological rhythms with reproduction and with daily activity levels

40
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Group of neurons in hypothalamus that control the release of melatonin

41
Q

What is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

Collective name for a group of peptide hormones produced by the skin, pituitary gland and hypothalamus

42
Q

MSH role in amphibians, fish, reptiles

A

regulates skin color by controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes

43
Q

MSH role in mammals

A

Roles in hunger and metabolism in addition to coloration

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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