Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 102 > Ch 44 > Flashcards

Ch 44 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where do physiological systems of animals operate

A

fluid environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Relative concentrations of water and solutes must be?

A

Maintained within fairly narrow limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Controlling solute concentrations and balancing water gain and loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do desert and marine animals face?

A

Desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do freshwater animals survive?

A

Conserving solutes and absorbing salts from their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is excretion?

A

Rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the driving force for movement of water/solutes?

A

Concentration gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if two solutions are isoosmotic?

A

Water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If two solutions differ in osmolarity, the net flow of water is?

A

From hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

Less concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

More concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stenohaline

A

Cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steno

A

narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Haline

A

salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Euryhaline

A

Can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eu

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most marine invertebrates are

A

Osmoconformers (isoosmotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Marine vertebrates are

A

Osmoregulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Marine bony fishes are _____ to seawater

A

Hypoosmotic, water flows from their bodies into the sea water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do marine bony fishes balance water loss? (2)

A

1) Must drink large amounts of seawater
2) Eliminate salts through their gills and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmoregulation is frequently coupled with?

A

elimination of nitrogenous waste products like urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sharks have high concentration of what in their bodies?

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do sharks protect themselves from the high amounts of urea in their bodies?

A

they contain trimethylamine oxide that protects them from its denaturing effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain how sharks osmoregulate (2)

A

1) Take in water by osmosis and food
2) Excess water and salt are disposed in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do freshwater animals constantly intake water?

A

because of osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Freshwater animals osmoregulate in terms of salt?

A

1) They lose salt by diffusion and have to maintain balance by drinking NO water and excreting large amounts of dilute urine
2) Salt gets replaced by food uptake and across the gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Anhydrobiosis

A

Lose all their body water and survive in dormant state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

An

A

without

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hydro

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

bios

A

living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tardigrades

A

Dehydrate from about 85 percent water to 2 percent water in dehydrated, inactive state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Land animals traits to reduce water loss (4)

A

1) Body coverings of most terrestrial animals prevent dehydration
2) Desert animals get major water saving from anatomical features and nocturnal lifestyle
3) Eating moist food
4) Producing water metabolically through cellular respiration

36
Q

Osmoregulators must expend _____ to maintain osmotic gradients

A

energy

37
Q

What determines the amount of energy usage (3)

A

1) animals osmolarity compared to its surroundings its surroundings
2) efficiency of water and solute movement across the animal’s surface
3) The work required to pump solutes across the membrane

38
Q

What is Transport epithelia?

A

Epithelial cells specialized for controlled movement of solutes in specific directions

39
Q

How are transport epithelia usually arranged

A

In complex tubular networks
Ex. Nasal glands of marine birds

40
Q

What is the most significant waste?

A

Nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids

41
Q

What are the 3 different forms of waste?

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid
Differ in toxicity and energy cost of producing

42
Q

Characteristics of Ammonia

A

energy required for production: none
amount of water for excretion: high
toxicity of waste: high
ex) Most aquatic animals; invertebrates will release ammonia across whole body surface

43
Q

Traits of Urea

A

energy required for production: moderate
amount of water for excretion: moderate
toxicity of waste: low

44
Q

In vertebrates, where is urea produced?

A

the liver, then its taken to the kidneys via circulatory system

45
Q

Traits of Uric Acid

A

energy required for production: high
amount of water for excretion: low
toxicity of waste: low
ex) birds and reptiles

46
Q

What can mammals produce as a metabolic byproduct?

A

gout: painful joint inflammation

47
Q

Key functions of most excretory systems (4)

A

1) Filtration: Filtering of body fluids
2) Reabsorption: Reclaiming valuable solutes
3) Secretion: Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
4) Excretion: Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body

48
Q

Protonephridium (2)

A

1) Network of dead-end tubules that branch throughout the body, contain flame bulbs
2) excrete dilated fluid and functions in osmoregulation

49
Q

Metanephridia

A

1) Consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid
2) Produce dilute urine for excretion
ex) earthworm

50
Q

Malpighian tubules (2)

A

1) Removes nitrogenous waste from hemolymph
2) excretes uric acid

51
Q

Kidneys (2)

A

1) The excretory organs of vertebrates
2) Functions in both excretion and osmoregulation

52
Q

The filtrate produced in Bowman’s capsule contains?

A

hydrogen, bicarbonate, water, salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes

53
Q

explain filtrate movement through the Proximal Tubule

A

1) Reabsorption of bicarbonate, water, K+, salt, glucose, and amino acids
2) secretion of toxins and drugs, H+ and waste
3) exchange between peritubular capillaries and proximal tubule

54
Q

How does filtrate volume and solute concentration change in the proximal tubule?

A

1) Filtrate volume decreases as water and salt are reabsorbed
2) Osmolarity stays the same

55
Q

explain filtrate movement through the Descending limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by aquaporin proteins

56
Q

How does solute concentration change in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Solute concentration increases

57
Q

explain filtrate movement through the lower part of the Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid (passively)

58
Q

explain filtrate movement through the upper part of the Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

A

Salt is actively transported out of the filtrate

59
Q

How does solute concentration change in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Filtrate becomes more dilute
- reabsorption of salt maintains high osmolarity in interstitial fluid

60
Q

explain filtrate movement through the Distal Tubule

A

1) reabsorption of salt and water
2) reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of H+ maintain pH
3) secretion of K+, drugs and poison

61
Q

explain filtrate movement through the Collecting Duct

A

reabsorption of salt, and water
Urea filters out of the duct and water follows

62
Q

Hyperosmotic urine can only be produced

A

With considerable energy since it transports solutes against concentration gradients

63
Q

Characteristics of the countercurrent multiplier system

A

1) Maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney
2) Allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with nutrients without interfering with the osmolarity gradient

64
Q

Urine produced is ______ to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla, but ____ to blood and interstitial fluids elsewhere in the body

A

Isoosmotic, and hyperosmotic

65
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Key to water conservation in terrestrial mammal animals

66
Q

Mammals that inhibit dry environements have long or short loops of Henle

A

Long

67
Q

characteristics of Birds kidney

A

Shorter loops of Henle but excrete uric acid instead of urea

68
Q

characteristics of reptile kidney

A

Reptiles only have cortical nephrons but reabsorb water from waste in cloaca

69
Q

characteristics of freshwater fish kidney

A

Conserve salt in their distal tubules and excrete large volumes of very dilute urine

70
Q

characteristics of amphibian osmoregulation (2)

A

1) Conserve salt in their distal tubules and excrete large volumes of very dilute urine
2) Amphibians conserve water by reabsorbing water from the bladder

71
Q

Marine Bony Fishes osmoregulation (4)

A

1) Fewer and smaller nephrons
2) Lack distal tube
3) Have small glomeruli or lack it
4) have chloride cells in gills

72
Q

What controls the osmoregulatory functions of mammalian kidney

A

Nervous and Hormonal
Contribute to homeostasis for blood pressure and volume

73
Q

What is ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin
Released from the posterior pituitary bind to and activate membrane receptors on collecting duct cells
Initiates signal cascade leading to insertion of aquaporin proteins
Recaptures water which reduce urine volume

74
Q

Where is ADH released and what does it activate?

A

Released from the posterior pituitary and binds to and activates membrane receptors on collecting duct cells

75
Q

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus do what?

A

Monitor blood osmoloarity and regulate release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

76
Q

When osmolarity rises above its set point what happens?

A

ADH release into the bloodstream increases

77
Q

What is alcohol?

A

a diuretic that inhibits the release of ADH

78
Q

What does RAAS stand for?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system

79
Q

What does RAAS do?

A

a part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis in response to BP and volume

80
Q

How does the Juxtaglomerular apparatus work?

A

Drop in blood pressure near the GLOMERULUS causes the JGA to release the enzyme renin

81
Q

What does renin do

A

Triggers the formation of the peptide angiotensin 1 which is activated into angiotensin 2 by ACE

82
Q

What does Angiotensin 2 do? (2)

A

1) Raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to kidneys
2) Stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal gland

83
Q

What does aldosterone do? (2)

A

1) increase blood volume and pressure
2) increases sodium reabsorption in distal nephron through increasing gene expression of ENaC

84
Q

Difference between ADH and RAAS

A

Both increase water reabsorption but RAAS will respond to a decrease in blood volume

85
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

86
Q

Where is Atrial natriuretic peptide produced

A

Found in the atria of the heart

87
Q

What does the atrial natriuretic peptide respond to? and what does it do?

A

released in response to an increase in blood volume/pressure
inhibits the release of renin

Biology 102 (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions