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Biology 102 > ch. 35 > Flashcards

ch. 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of a root (3)

A

1) anchors the plant
2) absorbs minerals and water
3) stores carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is the primary root?

A

the first root to emerge

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3
Q

what does the primary root branch end up forming?

A

it forms secondary and tertiary branches that improve anchorage and water absorption

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4
Q

characteristic of tall plants

A

large shoot masses with taproot system

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5
Q

What does a taproot develop from? What is its function?

A

1) develops from the primary root
2) anchors plants in the soil

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6
Q

What part of the root does primary absorption take place?

A

Tertiary roots

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7
Q

Cell

A

fundamental unit of life

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8
Q

tissue

A

Group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that perform a specialized function

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9
Q

organ

A

consists of several types of tissues that carry out particular functions

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10
Q

which type of plants have fibrous root systems?

A

Small or Trailing plants

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11
Q

what is a fibrous root system?

A

Thick mat of roots spread out beneath the soil surface

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12
Q

why does a root system turn into a fibrous system not a tap root system?

A

the primary root dies early on in development

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13
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Extension of epidermal cells

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14
Q

Where do root hairs form?

A

they form near the tip of the root

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15
Q

What is the function of root hairs?

A

They increase the absorptive surface of root

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16
Q

Root systems form?

A

mycorrhizal associations with soil hyphae

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17
Q

Pheumo

A

lung or breath

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18
Q

Phore

A

to bear

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19
Q

5 types of specialized roots

A

1) buttress
2) “strangling” aerial
3) Pneumatophores
4) storage
5) Prop roots

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20
Q

What is a stem?

A

plant organ consisting of
1) alternating system of nodes
2) internodes

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21
Q

Apical

A

at the tip or top

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22
Q

Axill

A

arm pit

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23
Q

_____ of the _____ causes elongation of a _________

A

Apical meristem, apical bud, young shoot

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24
Q

what is an axillary bud?

A

structure that can form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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25
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

Terminal bud (apical bud) releases auxin inhibiting growth of axillary buds

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26
Q

What is pruning?

A

Removal of the terminal bud (apical bud) allows dormant axillary buds to develop

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27
Q

What is the primary function of a stem?

A

elongate and orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis

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28
Q

4 types of modified stems

A

1) Stolon
2) Rhizome
3) Tuber
4) Corm

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29
Q

What are bulbs?

A

short stems with fleshy leaves

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30
Q

What are corms?

A

Rounded storage organs, have a base covered with scale leaves, a specialized stem

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31
Q

What is the difference between dicot and monocot stems?

A

Dicot is arranged in a disk, while monocot is scattered

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32
Q

where does most photosynthesis take place?

A

the leaf

33
Q

What do leaves do? (4)

A

1) dissipate heat
2) intercept light
3) exchange gases
4) Defend

34
Q

what does the petiole do?

A

joins leaf to node of the stem

35
Q

monocot leaves have what type of veins

A

parallel

36
Q

eudicot leaves have what type of veins

A

branching veins

37
Q

4 specialized leaves

A

1) tendril
2) spines
3) storage leaves
4) reproductive leaves

38
Q

function of tendrils (1)

A

support and climbing

39
Q

function of spines (2)

A

1) protect
2) reduce water loss

40
Q

function of storage leaves (1)

A

food and water storage

41
Q

function of reproductive leaves (plantlet) (1)

A

asexual reproduction

42
Q

3 types of tissues types for roots stems and leaves

A

1) dermal
2) vascular
3) ground tissues

43
Q

what is dermal tissue for herbaceous plants?

A

epidermis

44
Q

what is the dermal tissue for woody plants?

A

periderm

45
Q

What is the function of Guard cells?

A

facilitate gas exchange throughout the stomata

46
Q

What do vascular tissue do?

A

Transports materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

47
Q

Dead and alive cells : xylem and phloem

A

xylem is made up of dead cells
phloem is made up of living cells

48
Q

What is a stele?

A

vascular tissue of the root

49
Q

What is the shape of the angiosperm’s stele?

A

solid central vascular cylinder

50
Q

Tip for identifying ground tissue

A

neither dermal (outside) or vascular

51
Q

What is the pith?

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

52
Q

What is the cortex?

A

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

53
Q

Ground tissue includes cells specialized to carry out: (4)

A

1) photosynthesis
2) storage
3) support
4) transport

54
Q

5 major types of plant cells

A

1) parenchyma
2) collenchyma
3) sclerenchyma
4) water-conducting cells of xylem
5) sugar-collecting cells of phloem

55
Q

parenchyma (4)

A

1) thin flexible primary walls
2) large central vacuole
3) metabolic functions
4) able to divide and differentiate

56
Q

What kind of walls to parenchyma have?

A

thin flexible primary walls

57
Q

Collenchyma (4)

A

1) unevenly thickened primary walls
2) support young parts of plant shoot
3) living at maturity
4) provide flexible support without restraining growth

58
Q

What kind of walls do collenchyma have

A

Unvevenly thickened primary walls

59
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

1) thick secondary walls containing lignin, makes it rigid
2) dead at maturity

60
Q

What kind of walls to sclerenchyma have?

A

thick secondary walls containing lignin

61
Q

2 types of sclerenchyma

A

1) sclereids: short, irregular shape
2) fibers: long and slender arranged in threads

62
Q

2 types of water-conducting cells of the xylem

A

1) tracheids: dead, long, thin with tapered ends.
2) vessel elements: align end to end to form long pipes, common in most angiosperm and a few gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants

63
Q

water movement through tracheids

A

it moves through pits, thin regions lacking a secondary cell wall

64
Q

water movement through vessel elements

A

It moves through perforation plates

65
Q

sugar-conducting cells of the phloem (2)

A

2 types: sieve cells and sieve-tube elements
1) alive
2) lacks organelles

66
Q

What type of plants have sieve cells?

A

in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

67
Q

What type of plants have sieve-tube elements?

A

angiosperms

68
Q

what are sieve plates

A

porous end walls between sieve tube elements

69
Q

what does the nucleus and ribosome of the companion cell do

A

serve as adjacent sieve tube elements

70
Q

What connects sieve tube elements and companion cells?

A

plasmodesmata

71
Q

indeterminate growth

A

when something can grow throughtout its life

72
Q

What is determinate growth

A

most animals and some plant organs stop growing at a certain size

73
Q

What is primary growth

A

growing longer at the tip of roots or shoots

74
Q

secondary growth (2)

A

vascular cambium: adds layers of secondary xylem and phloem
cork cambium: replaces epidermis with periderm

75
Q

Zones where cell growth takes place (3)

A

1) zone of cell division
2) zone of elongation
3) zone of differentiation

76
Q

3 parts of primary meristems

A

1) protoderm
2) ground meristem
3) procambium

77
Q

longevity, life cycles (3)

A

1) annuals: 1 yr or less
2) biennials: 2 growing seasons
3) perennials: many years

78
Q

Monocots plants will have what type of roots?

A

fibrous roots

79
Q

How does the inside of monocot roots differ from eudicot roots

A

eudicot has vascular tissue shaped as X

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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