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Biology 102 > Ch 42 > Flashcards

Ch 42 Flashcards

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1
Q

Diffusion Traits (2)

A

1) Efficient over small distances
2) Time to diffuse proportional to the square of distance

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2
Q

How do most animals exchange materials with the environment?

A

Via a fluid-filled circulatory system

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3
Q

Some cnidarians have elaborate gastrovascular cavities that function in both

A

Digestion and Distribution

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4
Q

How thick is the body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity?

A

Two cells thick

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5
Q

What does a circulatory system have (3)

A

1) Circulatory fluid
2) Set of interconnecting vessels
3) Muscular pump, the heart

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6
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Connects fluid that surround cells with organs that exchange gas, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes

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7
Q

How does an open organ circulatory system work?

A

Circulatory fluid called HEMOLYMPH bathes organs directly

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8
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
(annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates)

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9
Q

What closed circulatory system do humans have?

A

Cardiovascular system

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10
Q

Three main types of blood vessels (3)

A

1) Arteries
2) Capillaries
3) Veins
(Blood flows from 1-3 and is one way)

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11
Q

Organization of circulatory systems

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein

(ateries, arterioles, capillaries - away from heart; venules, veins - to

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12
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

How are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

Direction of blood flow, not O2 content

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14
Q

How many chambers do vertebrate hearts have?

A

two or more

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15
Q

Where does blood enter and then leave in a heart?

A

Blood enters through an Atria and pumped out through Ventricles

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16
Q

What type of circulation do bony fishes, rays, and sharks have?

A

Single circulation and two-chambered heart

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17
Q

What is single circulation?

A

Blood leaves the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

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18
Q

What is double Circulation?
(Mammals, reptiles, and Amphibians)

A

Oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

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19
Q

Reptiles and Mammals use what type of circuit?

A

Pulmonary circuit which picks up oxygen from the lungs

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20
Q

Amphibians use what type of circuit?

A

Pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen from lungs and skin

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21
Q

What is systemic circuit?

A

When Oxygen rich blood delivers oxygen

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22
Q

Difference between double circulation and single circulation?

A

Higher blood pressure in organs for double circulation

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23
Q

What kind of heart do frogs have?

A

Three chambered with ridge:
Two atria and one ventricle

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24
Q

Describe the Amphibian heart system?

A

Ridge in ventricle diverts oxygen rich blood to SYSTEMIC circuit and poor oxygen blood into PULMOCUTANEOUS circuit

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25
Q

What kind of heart do turtles, snakes, and lizards have?

A

3 chambered heart: 2 atria 1 ventricle
Partially divided by incomplete septum

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26
Q

What kind of hearts do Alligators, Caimans, and crocodiles have?

A

Have a septum that divides the ventricles, but pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart

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27
Q

What kind of hearts do mammals and birds have?

A

Four chambered heart
Two atria and two ventricles

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28
Q

Describe the heart of mammals and birds?

A

Left side of heart pumps and receive ONLY oxygen rich blood
Right side receives and pumps ONLY oxygen poor blood

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29
Q

Traits of atria

A

Relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart

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30
Q

Traits of ventricles

A

Have thicker walls and contract more forcefully

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31
Q

What is cardiac cycle?

A

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

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32
Q

Contraction or pumping

A

Systole

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33
Q

Relaxation or filling

A

Diastole

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34
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute
Depends on both heart rate and stroke volume

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35
Q

What is heart rate?

A

beats per minute

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36
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped in single contraction

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37
Q

What valve separates each atrium and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular Valves
tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valve

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38
Q

What valves control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery?

A

Semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valve and Pulmonary semilunar valve

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39
Q

What creates the lub-dup sound of a heart?

A

Recoil of blood against the atrioventricular valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves

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40
Q

What is heart murmur

A

Backflow of blood through a defective valve causes heart murmur

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41
Q

How is cardiac muscle autorhythmic?

A

Some cardiac muscle contract without any signal from the nervous system

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42
Q

What is the Sinoatrial node?

A

Sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

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43
Q

What are impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an

A

Electrocradiogram

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44
Q

What is the pacemaker regulated by?

A

Sympathetic (speed up)
Parasympathetic (slow down)
Hormones
temperature

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45
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Central lumen lined with epithelial layer
Lines blood vessels

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46
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Slightly wider than a red blood cell
Thin walls for exchanging materials

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47
Q

What are the walls of capillaries made of?

A

Endothelium
Basal lamina

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48
Q

Characteristics of Arteries

A

Thick elastic walls for high blood pressure

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49
Q

Characteristics of Veins

A

Thinner walls
Contains valves to maintain unidirectional flow

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50
Q

Describe the velocity of blood flow in capillaries

A

Slow because of high resistance and large cross-sectional area
Allows exchange of material

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51
Q

Explain blood flow regarding pressure

A

Flows from high pressure to low pressure
Maintained by recoil of elastic arterial walls

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52
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure in arteries during ventricular systole

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53
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure in arteries during diastole

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54
Q

What is pulse

A

Rhythmic bulging of artery walls

55
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls
Increased blood pressure

56
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Relaxation of smooth muscles in arteriole walls
Decreased blood pressure

57
Q

What is a major inducer of vasodilation?

A

Nitric Oxide

58
Q

What induces vasoconstriction?

A

Endothelin

59
Q

What natural force plays a role in blood pressure?

A

Gravity

60
Q

What is healthy blood pressure for 20 year old?

A

120 mm hg at systole
80 mm hg at diastole

61
Q

What causes fainting?

A

Inadequate blood flow

62
Q

How is the return of blood enhanced

A

Contraction of smooth and skeletal muscles

63
Q

Traits of capillaries in major organs?

A

Filled to capacity
(blood supply varies at other sites)

64
Q

Two mechanism that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds?

A

1) Constriction or dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds
2) Precapillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules

65
Q

What is blood flow regulated by

A

Nerve impluses, hormones, and chemicals

66
Q

______ tends to drive fluid out of capillaries

A

Blood pressure

67
Q

_____ tend to pull fluid back

A

Blood proteins
(responsible for much of the bloods osmotic pressure)

68
Q

What is the lymphatic system role in blood

A

Returns excess fluid that leaks from capillary beds back to circulatory system

69
Q

What is a lymph

A

Fluid lost by capillaries

70
Q

Where does lymphatic system drain into

A

veins in the neck

71
Q

What is Edema

A

Swelling caused by disruption in the flow of lymph

72
Q

What are lymph Nodes

A

Organs that filter lymph and play a role in body’s defense
(will become swollen when fighting infection)

73
Q

What is plasma

A

Liquid matrix where connective tissues are suspended in

74
Q

What occupies 45% of the volume of blood

A

Cells and cell fragments

75
Q

What is plasma made of

A

inorganic salts dissolved as ions (electrolytes)

76
Q

What do plasma proteins do? (5)

A

1) Influence blood pH
2) maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid
3) lipid transport
4) immunity
5) blood clotting

77
Q

Difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Plasma has higher protein concentration

78
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes (O2 carriers)

79
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes (defense)

80
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that help with clotting

81
Q

Eryth

A

red

82
Q

Leuk

A

white

83
Q

Erythrocytes (2)

A

1) Most numerous blood cell
2) Lack nuclei and mitochondria

84
Q

What do erythrocytes contain that helps with oxygen?

A

hemoglobin: iron-containing protein
- binds 4 O2

85
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates
Deforms erythrocyte into sickle shape that rupture or block blood vessels

86
Q

Leukocytes (3)

A

1) 5 major type
2) Play defense by phagocytizing bacteria and by mounting immune responses
3) Found in both in and out of circulatory system

87
Q

Common feature of different type of blood cells

A

Develop from a common source of stem cells in red marrow of bones
(ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis)

88
Q

What stimulates erythrocyte production

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

89
Q

Coagulation

A

Formation of solid clot from liquid blood
activates fibrinogen to fibrin to form clot

90
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot formed within a blood vessel, blocks blood flow

91
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty deposits within arteries
Cholesterol is key player

92
Q

Low-density lipoprotein

A

Bad
Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

93
Q

High-density lipoprotein

A

Good
Scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

94
Q

What increases risk for heart diseases

A

high LDL to HDL ratio

95
Q

What plays a role in cardiovascular disease?

A

inflammation

96
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

The damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of coronary arteries
(heart attack)

97
Q

Stroke

A

Death of nervous tissue in the brain
resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

98
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries

99
Q

Gas exchange

A

Uptake of O2 from the environment
Discharge of CO2 to the environment
Driven by Partial Pressure

100
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

101
Q

Gas exchange occurs

A

Due to diffusion

102
Q

Ventilation

A

Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface
(gills- fish move to put water over their gills)

103
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over gills

104
Q

Does blood have less O2 saturation than the water it meets

A

yes

105
Q

Tracheal system

A

Network of branching tubes throughout the body

106
Q

Tracheal tubes

A

supply O2 directly to body cells

107
Q

Lungs

A

Infolding of the body surface
Circulatory system transports gases from lungs to body

108
Q

What happens to air through the nostrils

A

Filtered, warmed, humidified and sampled for odor

109
Q

Pharynx role in respiratory

A

Directs air to the lungs and food to stomach

110
Q

Pathway of air passing through our body

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to alveoli

111
Q

What lines epithelium of air ducts

A

Cilia and mucus

112
Q

What is the “mucus escalator”

A

Cleans respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

113
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in mammals?

A

Alveoli, air sacs at tips of bronchioles

114
Q

Where does oxygen diffusion through

A

Moist film of the epithelium into capilllaries

115
Q

Where does CO2 diffuse from

A

From Capillaries across the epithelium and into air space

116
Q

Surfactants

A

Coat the surface of alveoli

117
Q

Traits of alveoli

A

Lack cilia and are susceptible to contamination

118
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Preterm babies lacking surfactant

119
Q

Amphibians breathe by

A

Postive pressure breathing

120
Q

How do birds breathe

A

Air sacs that function as belows
Air passes through the lungs in one direction only
Passage of air through lungs require two cycles of inhalation and exhalation

121
Q

How do mammals breathes

A

Negative pressure breathing
Lung volume increase as rib muscles and diaphragm contract

122
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled

123
Q

Vital Capacity

A

maximum tidal volume

124
Q

Residual volume

A

air that remains in the lungs

125
Q

Breathing controls are found where

A

Medulla oblongata
Regulates the rate and depth of breathing responding to ph changes in cerebrospinal fluid

126
Q

What monitor O2 and CO2 levels

A

Sensor in aorta and carotid arteries

127
Q

Additional modulation of breathing location

A

pons

128
Q

Respiratory pigments

A

Proteins that transport oxygen, increase amount of oxygen blood can carry

129
Q

Hemocyanin

A

Copper as the oxygen-binding component
(arthropods and mollusks)

130
Q

Most vertebrates use what type of protein in their blood?

A

Hemoglobin

131
Q

Bohr Shift

A

Lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

132
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

1) 7% of blood diffuses to hemoglobin
2) remainder diffused into erythrocytes
3) dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions

133
Q

What do diving mammals do to conserve oxygen? (5)

A

1) Stockpile O2
2) Store oxygen in myoglobin proteins
3) Change their buoyancy to glide passively
4) Route blood to vital tissues
5) Derive ATP in muscles from fementation once oxygen is depleted

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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