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Biology 102 > CH 41 > Flashcards

CH 41 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal _______

A

nutrition

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2
Q

What type of feeders are most animals?

A

Opportunistic feeders
(Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores)

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3
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic materials
Must be obtained from the animal’s diet

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4
Q

What are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A

1) Essential amino acids
2) Essential fatty acids
3) Vitamins
4) Minerals

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5
Q

Animals require ___ amino acids and can synthesize about _______ from molecules in their diet

A

20; half

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6
Q

Where do essential amino acids come from?

A

Obtained from food

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7
Q

What are fatty acids used for? What is the special one in mammals?

A

Membranes, signaling, storage fats
(Mammals- linoleic acid)

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8
Q

where can you get fatty acids from?

A

East seeds, grains, vegetables

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9
Q

What are vitamins? How many are essential for humans? What are the 2 types?

A

1) Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
2) 13 are essential for humans
3) Two categories: fat soluble and water soluble

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10
Q

What are minerals?

A

Simple inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts

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11
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition
Causes deformities, disease, death

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12
Q

What is underourishment?

A

Diet does not provide enough chemical energy

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13
Q

What happens to undernourished individual (5)

A

1) Used up stored fat and Carbs
2) Break down its own proteins
3) Lose muscle mass
4) Suffer protein deficiency of the brain
5) Die or suffer irreversible damage

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14
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of human health and disease in population

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15
Q

What causes neural tube defects in babies

A

Deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers

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16
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The act of eating or feeding

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17
Q

4 types of ingestion?

A

Filter Feeders
Substrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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19
Q

2 types of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion: Chewing/grinding, increases surface area of food
Chemical Digestion: Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules

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20
Q

What is enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

to split bonds with the addition of water (Used in chemical digestion)

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21
Q

What is absorption?

A

Is uptake of small molecules by body cells

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22
Q

What is elimination?

A

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

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23
Q

What does having digestive compartments do?

A

Reduces the risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

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24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Food particles that get engulfed

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25
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Liquid particles that get engulfed

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26
Q

Explain the digestion of a food particle by a single cell (4)

A

1) food particle is engulfed by phagocytosis
2) Food vacuole is formed
3) lysosomes fuse with food vacuole
4) Digestive enzymes in lysosome digest food

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27
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

The breakdown of food particles outside of cells
Occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body

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28
Q

What is an alimentary canal?

A

complete digestive tract: mouth and anus

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29
Q

What are accessory glands?

A

Secrete digestive juices into alimentary canal
Mammals have salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gall balder

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30
Q

Where does food processing begin?

A

Oral Cavity

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31
Q

What does salivary glands do?

A

Deliver saliva to lubricate food

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32
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

contains mucus and amylase

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33
Q

What does tongue movement cause?

A

It creates bolus and helps with swallowing

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34
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Junction that opens to the esophagus and trachea

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35
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Connects to stomach

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36
Q

What is trachea?

A

Leads to lungs (windpipe)

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37
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Blocks entry to trachea

38
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Guides bolus

39
Q

What pushes food from the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Peristalsis: rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

40
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Valves that regulate movement of materials between compartments

41
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Stores food and processes it into liquid suspension
Secretes gastric juice which makes chyme

42
Q

What is chyme?

A

Mixture of food and gastric juice

43
Q

What are the traits of gastric juice?

A

Low ph, 2, kills bacteria and denatures proteins
Made up of HCL and pepsin

44
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Is a protease that breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins

45
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the stomach

46
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secretes inactive pepsinogen, which activates to pepsin when HCL reacts with it

47
Q

How are ulcers formed?

A

Caused by bacterium: heliocobacter pylori

48
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Longest compartment of the alimentary canal
Most enzymatic hydrolysis happens here

49
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine
Chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices, from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

50
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produce trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen
This solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme
release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into small intestine

51
Q

Where is bile made? What are its functions?

A

Made in liver and stored in gallbladder.
Bile salts facilitate digestion of fats
Destroys nonfunctional red blood cells

52
Q

Why does the small intestine have a huge surface area?

A

Due to villi and microvilli
Microvilli create brush border that increases rate of nutrient absorption

53
Q

Is transport across the epithelial cell passive or active?

A

It can be both depending on the nutrient

54
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart

55
Q

What is the purpose of the liver? (2)

A

It regulates nutrient distribution
detoxifies many organic molecules

56
Q

What do epithelial cells in the small intestine do?

A

Absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and turn them into triglycerides

57
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Fats covered in phospholipids, chloesterol, and proteins

58
Q

What are lacteal?

A

Lymphatic vessel in each villus
Deliver chylomicron-containing lymph to large veins that return blood to heart

59
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Aids in the fermentation of plant of plant materials and is located where the small and large intestines meet

60
Q

What is the colon?

A

Leads to rectum and anus

61
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Extension to the cecum that plays minor role in immunity

62
Q

What completes the recovery of water?

A

Colon

63
Q

What are feces

A

The wastes of the digestive system and stored in the rectum and is eliminated through the anus

64
Q

Stomach adaptations for carnivores

A

Large, expandable stomachs

65
Q

Herbivores and omnivores stomach adaptations

A

Longer alimentary canals due to longer digestion time

66
Q

What do intestinal bacteria do?

A

1) Produce vitamins
2) Regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium
3) Regulate the function of the innate immune system

67
Q

What are fermentation chambers?

A

Where mutualistic microorganism digest cellulose

68
Q

Most elaborate adaptations of an herbivorous diet?

A

Ruminants

69
Q

What helps regulate the digestive process?

A

The enteric division of the nervous system

70
Q

What also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones

A

Endocrine system

71
Q

Slide 68

A
72
Q

Where is energy stored in humans?

A

It is stored in the liver and muscle cells in the poylmer glycogen

73
Q

Where is excess energy stored?

A

In fat in adipose cells

74
Q

What happens when fewer calories are taken in then expended?

A

The human expends liver glycogen, then muscle, then fat

75
Q

What is central to maintaining metabolic balance?

A

Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen

76
Q

The liver is the site for?

A

Glucose homeostasis

77
Q

What raises insulin levels?

A

A Carb rich meal which triggers synthesis of glycogen

78
Q

What does low blood sugar cause?

A

Causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose

79
Q

How is brain cells an exception when in comes to insulin?

A

They can take up glucose whether insulin is present or not

80
Q

Where are glucagon and insulin produced

A

Islets of the pancreas, by alpha and beta cells

81
Q

Alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

82
Q

Beta cells produce?

A

insulin

83
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

1) Deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissues
2) Cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet metabolic needs
3) The levels of glucose may exceed capacity of kidneys

84
Q

How to test for diabetes?

A

Sugar in urine

85
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune disease which the immune system destroys the beta cells of pancreas
Appears in child hood
Requires insulin injections

86
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Non insulin dependent diabetes, caused by failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the chances
Happens usually after age of 40

87
Q

What regulates long term and short term appetite

A

Hormones by affecting a satiety center in brain

88
Q

What is ghrelin

A

Hormone secreted by stomach wall, triggers feeling of hunger

89
Q

What hormones secreted by small intestine suppress appetite?

A

Insulin and PYY

90
Q

What is Leptin

A

Produced by adipose and suppresses appetite and regulates body fat

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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