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Biology 102 > Ch 48 pt A > Flashcards

Ch 48 pt A Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the CNS? What does it contain?

A

Central Nervous System
Brain and nerve cord
Spinal cord in vertebrates

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2
Q

What is the PNS? What does it contain?

A

Peripheral Nervous system
All neurons and projections of their plasma membrane that is outside of CNS

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells that send and receive electrical and chemical signals to and from other neurons throughout the body

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4
Q

What animals don’t have neurons

A

Sponges

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5
Q

What does the number of neurons depend on?

A

Size and behavioral complexity

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

1) Soma (cell body)
2) Dendrites
3) Axon

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7
Q

What does the soma contain?

A

Nucleus and organelle

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8
Q

elle

A

diminutive

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9
Q

Characteristics of dendrites? (3)

A

1) Extensions of plasma membrane
2) Single or branching
3) Receives incoming signals

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10
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

send signals

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11
Q

characteristics of axons (4)

A

1) Extension of plasma membrane (neurolemma)
2) Single
3) Axon hillock near cell body
4) Axon terminal: convey electrical or chemical signals to other cells

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12
Q

What is neurolemma?

A

Outer portion of myelin sheath created by schwann cells

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13
Q

What is the function of axon terminals?

A

Convey electrical or chemical message to other cells

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14
Q

characteristics of Glia Cells (3)

A

1) Various functions
2) More than neurons
3) May function as stem cells giving rise to more glial cells and neurons

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15
Q

What are the 6 different types of glia cells?

A

1) satellite (PNS)
2) schwann (PNS)
3) Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
4) Astrocytes (CNS)
5) Microglia (CNS)
6) Ependymal cells (CNS)

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16
Q

What are the functions of satellite cells? (2)

A

1) surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
2) regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and neurotransmitters

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17
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells? (3)

A

1) Surround axons in PNS
2) Myelinate peripheral axons
3) Participate in repair after injury

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18
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes? (2)

A

1) myelinate CNS axons
2) provide structural support

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19
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes? (6)

A

1) metabolic support
2) blood brain barrier
3) structural support
4) regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
5) absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
6) form scar tissue

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20
Q

Astro

A

star

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21
Q

cyte

A

cell

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22
Q

What is the function of Microglia? (1)

A

Remove cellular debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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23
Q

micro

A

little

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24
Q

glia

A

glue

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25
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells? (2)

A

1) Line ventricles and central canal
2) produce, circulate, moniter cerebral spinal fluid

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26
Q

What is myelin sheath interrupted by?

A

Nodes of ranvier

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27
Q

What produces myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann Cells (PNS)

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28
Q

Dendro

A

tree

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29
Q

oligo

A

few

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30
Q

cyte

A

cells

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31
Q

Where are myelinated axons located?

A

white matter

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32
Q

Where are unmyelinated axons located?

A

grey matter

33
Q

What does the Synaptic terminal do?

A

passes info (neurotransmitters) across synapse

34
Q

What is the synapse

A

junction between axon and cell

35
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

space in between nueron and cell

36
Q

Info is passed from _______ cell to the _______ cell

A

presynaptic; postsynaptic

37
Q

Which cell is a Presynaptic cell?

A

neuron

38
Q

Which cells are postsynaptic cells? (3)

A

1) neuron cell
2) muscle cell
3) gland cell

39
Q

3 types of neurons

A

1) Sensory neurons
2) Motor neurons
3) Interneurons

40
Q

Characteristics of Sensory Neurons (2)

A

1) Detect info from outside world and internal body condition
2) AFFERENT neurons transmit to CNS

41
Q

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

in the Dorsal root

42
Q

Afferent

A

bring to or lead toward

43
Q

Characteristics of Motor Neurons (2)

A

1) Send signal away from CNS
2) EFFERENT neurons to elicit response

44
Q

Where are motor neurons located?

A

in the ventral root

45
Q

Efferent

A

conduct away or carry off

46
Q

What is the function of Interneurons?

A

Form connections between other neurons in the CNS

47
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

CNS

48
Q

Inter

A

Between

49
Q

What is another name for the synaptic knobs?

A

telodendria

50
Q

Characteristics of the Reflex arc (2)

A

1) Stimulus from sensory neurons to CNS to motor neurons to elicit response
2) Quick and automatic

51
Q

What is Membrane potential?

A

difference in charge inside and outside the cell
(Polarized)

52
Q

What is membrane potential determined by?

A

ion concentrations separated by plasma membrane

53
Q

What is Resting membrane potential?

A

membrane potential when neurons not sending signals (-70mv)

54
Q

Plasma membrane permeable ability to cations and anions?

A

Not very permeable
Separates charges by keeping different ions largely inside or outside cell

55
Q

Voltage of resting potential inside cell

A

-70 mv
interior more negative than exterior

56
Q

Where are negative ions within a cell drawn to?

A

Positive ions arrayed on outer surface

57
Q

3 factors that affect resting potential

A

1) Na/K ATPase (sodium-potassium) pump
2) Ion specific channels allow passive movements of ions
3) Negatively charged molecules such as proteins more abundant inside cell

58
Q

membrane more permeable to what ion at rest

A

K+

59
Q

How does the number of K+ channels compare to Na+ channels?

A

More ungated K channels than ungated Na channels

60
Q

explain transport of solutes in a sodium-potassium pump

A

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

61
Q

Explain how scientists measure membrane potential

A

voltmeter with microelectrodes inside and outside of a squid giant axon
measurement made as function of time

62
Q

explain electrogradient

A

movement to balance out charges

63
Q

explain chemical gradient

A

movement to balance out a specific ion

64
Q

What is Equilibrium potential?

A

Opposing forces of chemical and electrical gradients can create an equilibrium where there is no net movement

65
Q

All cells have?

A

Membrane potential

66
Q

What are the only cells that can be excitable? (2)
What does excitable mean?

A

Nuerons and muscle cells
capacity to generate electrical signals

67
Q

What are the 3 types of gated ion channels?

A

1) Voltage-gated
2) Ligand Gated
3) Mechanically gated

68
Q

Changes in membrane potential are changes in?

A

Polarization

69
Q

When cell membrane less polarized, less negative relative to surrounding solution?

A

Depolarization

70
Q

Gated channels allow diffusion of what to cause membrane potential to become more positive

A

Na+

71
Q

Cell membrane more polarized, more negative relative to surrounding solution

A

Hyperpolarization

72
Q

Gated channels allow diffusion of what to cause membrane potential to become more negative

A

K moves out of cell making the cell membrane less positive

73
Q

What are the 2 types of changes in membrane potential?

A

1) graded potential
2) action potential

74
Q

What are the 2 types of graded potentials?

A

1) depolarization
2) hyperpolarization

75
Q

What does the strength of graded potential rely on?

A

strength of stimulus

76
Q

Where are graded potentials located?

A

Occur locally on dendrites or cell body

77
Q

Why are graded potentials considered graded?

A

they travel a short distance then die out

78
Q

What is the function of graded potentials in signaling?

A

acts as a trigger for action potentials

79
Q

What are the characteristics of action potentials? (3)

A

1) carry electrical signals along axon
2) all or none
3) actively propagated

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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