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Biology 102 > Ch. 39 A > Flashcards

Ch. 39 A Flashcards

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1
Q

What is etiolation?

A

Morphological adaptations for growing in darkness

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2
Q

Etio

A

Cause

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3
Q

What is de-etiolation?

A

After exposure to light, a plant (ex. potato) will go changes and grow normally

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4
Q

phyto

A

plant

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5
Q

chrome

A

color

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6
Q

What causes receptor protein to change shape?

A

Response to stimulus
Ex. Phytochrome capable of detecting light which causes de-etiolation

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7
Q

What are second messangers?

A

Transfers and amplify signals from receptors to other proteins that cause responses

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8
Q

what are examples of secondary messangers?

A

Ex. calcium ions and cyclic GMP

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9
Q

What does the phytochrome receptor respond to and what does it do?

A

Respond to light and:
1) opens Ca channels, Increases Ca levels in cytosol
2) Activates an enzyme to produce cGMP

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10
Q

Phytochrome

A

Plant color

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11
Q

What reaction causes GMP to turn into Cyclic GMP

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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12
Q

kin

A

movement

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13
Q

Ase

A

Enzyme

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14
Q

What are kinases?

A

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule

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15
Q

Responses to stimulation that involve changes in activity of enzymes can occur by?

A

1) Transcriptional Regulation
2) Post-translational modification

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16
Q

What does Post-translational modification involve?

A

Modifications of existing proteins in the signal response

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17
Q

Common Modifications of Post-translational modification are

A

1) Phosphorylation of specific amino acids
2) Secondary messengers activate protein kinases directly

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18
Q

How do protein kinases often work?

A

Cascade linking initial stimuli to gene expression through phosphorylation of transcription factors

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19
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Activation, addition of phospate group

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20
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

inactivation, remove phosphate group

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21
Q

How does Transcriptional Regulation work

A

Specific transcription factors bind directly to specific regions of DNA and control transcription of specific genes

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22
Q

Are transcription factors activators or repressors?

A

They are both, they can increase or decrease transcription of a specific gene

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23
Q

De-etiolation activates enzymes that? (3)

A

1) Function in photosynthesis
2) Supply chemical precursors for chlorophyll production
3) Affect the levels of plant hormones that regulate growth

24
Q

What are plant hormones?

A

Chemical signals that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant
Also known as plant growth regulators

25
Q

Growth promoters (3)

A

1) Auxins
2) Cytokinins
3) Gibberellins

26
Q

Growth inhibitors (2)

A

Ethylene
Abscissic Acid

27
Q

Are plant hormones produced in high or low concentrations?

A

LOW
but has huge effect on growth and development

28
Q

Each hormone:
multiple hormones:

A

Each hormones have multiple effects
Multiple hormones can influence a SINGLE process

29
Q

plant responses depend on what _______ and _______ of hormones?

A

1) concentration of specific hormones
2) combination of present hormones

30
Q

Extra hormones to know

A

Brassinosteroids
Jasmonates
Strigolactones

31
Q

What is a tropism?

A

Any response resulting in curvature of organs toward or away from stimulus

32
Q

Examples of tropism (3)

A

1) Phototropism
2) Thigmotropism
3) Gravitropism

33
Q

What is auxin?

A

Any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptlies

34
Q

What is Indoleacetic acid?

A

Common auxin in plants also known as IAA
think in-dole-acetic acid

35
Q

Is transport of auxin polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar
Produced in shoot tips and transported down stem

36
Q

What are auxin transporter proteins?

A

Move hormone from basal end of one cell into the apical end of the neighboring cell

37
Q

explain the effect of gravity on the direction of auxin

A

NO EFFECT

38
Q

What is the role of auxin in cell elongation?

A

1) Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane (ACID GROWTH HYPOTHESIS)
2) Causes pH level to drop and increase membrane potential

39
Q

What does reduced pH cause?

A

Activates expansins, enzyme that loosens fabric of the cell wall

40
Q

What does osmotic of water into cell cause

A

Increased turgor pressure

41
Q

What does cell wall plasticity and increased turgor pressure enable

A

Causes cell to elongate

42
Q

Acid growth

A

Loosens cell wall which allows cell to passively elongate

43
Q

What happens when reduced auxin flow is caused from the shoot?

A

Stimulates growth in lower branches

44
Q

What is phyllotaxy

A

The arrangement of leaves on the stem
Auxin plays a role in this

45
Q

What determines leaf venation pattern?

A

Polar transport of auxin from margins

46
Q

What is controlled by auxin?

A

1) Activity of the vascular cambium (transport)
2) Organization of female angiosperm gametophytes (maybe)

47
Q

Activity of the vascular cambium is controlled by what hormone?

A

auxin

48
Q

Use of indolebutyric acid (IBA)?

A

1) Stimulates adventitious roots
2) Used in vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings

49
Q

Use of synthetic auxins?

A

Used as herbicides such as 2,4-d (weed killer) kills eudicots by hormonal overdose
(monocots can inactivate the hormones)

50
Q

What promotes fruit development

A

Auxin
Seeds produce auxin to make fruits

51
Q

What are cytokinins?

A

hormone that stimulates cytokinesis

52
Q

Where are cytokinins produced?

A

Growing tissues such as roots, embryos, and fruits

53
Q

What do cytokinins control

A

Cell division and differentiation with the help of auxin

54
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

The terminals bud’s ability to suppress development of axillary buds

55
Q

What controls apical dominance? (4)

A

1) Sugar
2) cytokinins
3) auxin
4) strigolactone

56
Q

What does removal of apical bud do? (3)

A

1) increases sugar availability
2) decreases auxin and strigolactone levels
3) initiates axillary bud growth

57
Q

How does cytokinins slow aging of plant organs? (3)

A

1) inhibiting protein breakdown
2) stimulating RNA and protein synthesis
3) mobilizing nutrients from surrounding tissues

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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