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Biology 102 > Ch 54 A > Flashcards

Ch 54 A Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A biological _______ is an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

A

Community

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2
Q

Ecologists call relationships between species in a community _______

A

interspecific interactions

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3
Q

_______ (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction

A

Competition

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4
Q

Resources must be in _______ supply for competition to occur

A

short

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5
Q

Strong competition can lead to _______

A

competitive exclusion

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6
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

local elimination of a competing species

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7
Q

Russian ecologist _______ concluded that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place

A

G.F. Gause

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8
Q

An _______ is the sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources; it can be thought of as an organism’s ecological role

A

ecological niche

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9
Q

Birds feeding at different levels of water and shore is an example of?

A

spatial partitioning

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10
Q

_________ is differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

A

Resource partitioning

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11
Q

In ________:
- Both species are normally nocturnal (active during the night)
- Where they coexist, the golden spiny mouse becomes diurnal (active during the day)

A

Temporal partitioning

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12
Q

A species’ _______ is the niche potentially occupied by that species

A

fundamental niche

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13
Q

A species’ ________ is the niche actually occupied by that species

A

realized niche

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14
Q

_______ is a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

A

Character displacement

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15
Q

Character displacement is a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in _______ populations of two species than in _______ populations of the same two species

A

sympatric; allopatric

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16
Q

occurring within the same geographical area; overlapping in distribution.

A

Sympatric

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17
Q

occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas

A

Allopatric

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18
Q

_______ refers to any +/– interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species

A

Exploitation

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19
Q

What are the 3 exploitative interactions?

A

1) predation
2) herbivory
3) parasitism

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20
Q

_______ (+/– interaction) refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

A

Predation

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21
Q

Predators have _______ that enable them to find, identify, catch, and subdue their prey

A

adaptations

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22
Q

Prey display various _______ to avoid being eaten

A

adaptations

23
Q

Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright warning coloration, called _______

A

aposematic coloration

24
Q

_______, or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

A

Cryptic coloration

25
Q

In _______, a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

A

Batesian mimicry

26
Q

In _______, two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

A

Müllerian mimicry

27
Q

______ has enabled many predators approach prey

A

Mimicry (ex octopus)

28
Q

_______ (+/– interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

A

Herbivory

29
Q

In _______ (+/– interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

A

parasitism

30
Q

Parasites that live within the body of their host are called _______

A

endoparasites (ex tapeworms, Ascaris, flukes)

31
Q

Parasites that live on the external surface of a host are _______

A

ectoparasites (ex. leeches, ticks, lice)

32
Q

Some parasites change the _______ of the host in a way that increases the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted to the next host

A

behavior

33
Q

Ecological communities are heavily influenced by _______ interactions, where at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

A

positive

34
Q

What are the 2 types of positive interactions?

A

1) mutualism
2) commensalism

35
Q

_______ (+/+ interaction) is a common interspecific interaction that benefits both species

A

Mutualism (ex. lichen, clam/algae)

36
Q

_______ (+/0 interaction) is another common interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

A

Commensalism

37
Q

Two fundamental features of community structure are _______ and _______

A

1) species diversity
2) feeding relationships

38
Q

The _______ of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community

A

species diversity

39
Q

What are the 2 components of species diversity?

A

1) species richness
2) relative abundance

40
Q

Two communities can have the _______ species richness but a _______ relative abundance

A

same; different

41
Q

Communities with higher diversity are:
- more _______; they produce more biomass (the total mass of all organisms)
- more _______ in their productivity
- better able to _______ and _______ from environmental stresses
- more _______ to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range

A

1) productive
2) stable
3) withstand and recover
4) resistant

42
Q

_______ is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

A

Trophic structure

43
Q

_______ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

A

Food chains

44
Q

The position an organism occupies in a food chain is called its _______

A

trophic level

45
Q

primary producers are _______

A

autotrophs

46
Q

primary consumers are _______

A

herbivores

47
Q

secondary consumers are _______

A

carnivores

48
Q

A _______ is a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions

A

food web

49
Q

Food webs can be simplified by (2)

A

1) grouping species
2) isolating a portion of the community

50
Q

Each food chain in a food web is usually a _______ links long

A

few

51
Q

The _______ suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

A

energetic hypothesis

52
Q

explain %energy transfer from sun to tertiary consumers

A

1% from the sun
10% everywhere else

53
Q

Food chain length may also be limited by the fact that carnivores tend to be _______ at higher trophic levels

A

larger

54
Q

Large carnivores cannot obtain enough food from small prey _______ enough to meet their metabolic needs

A

efficiently enough (this places a limit on carnivore size)

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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