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Biology 102 > Ch 49 > Flashcards

Ch 49 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What kind of nervous system do Cnidarians have?

A

Nerve net
Simplest
Neurons connect to each other in a network

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2
Q

What leads to the activation of all or most nuerons in nerve net?

A

Activation of neurons in one area

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3
Q

What kind of nervous system do echinoderms have?

A

Nerve Ring
Around the mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending to arms

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4
Q

What operates independently in a starfish

A

Mouth and arms

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5
Q

What kind of nervous systems do Planaria have? (3)

A

1) Nerve cords
2) Connected by transverse nerves
3) Collection of neurons in head form cerebral ganglia

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6
Q

What kind of nervous system do annelids have?

A

Same basic structure as planaria
More neurons
Ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment
Rudimentary brain

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7
Q

What kind of nervous system do simple mollusks have?

A

Similar to annelids
Pair of anterior ganglia
Paired nerve cords

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8
Q

What is the trend to cephalization?

A

Increasingly complex brain in the head

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9
Q

What kind of brains do drosophila have?

A

Brains have several subdivision with several functions

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10
Q

What kind of brains do advanced mollusks have?

A

Brains with well developed subdivisions

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11
Q

What type of glia form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate?

A

Embryonic Radial Glia

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12
Q

Which glia participates in the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

What types of glial cells can act as stem cells? (2)

A

1) Embryonic radial glial
2) Astrocytes

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14
Q

What develops from the hollow dorsal cord?

A

CNS

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15
Q

What does the cavity of the nerve cord give rise to?

A

Narrow central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

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16
Q

What are the central canal and ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Supplies CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries away waste

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18
Q

What is Grey matter made up of? (3)

A

1) Neuron cell bodies
2) Dendrites
3) Unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

What is White matter made up of? (1)

A

1) Consist of bundles of myelinated axons

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20
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

1) Conveys info to and from the brain
2) generates basic patterns of locomotion

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21
Q

What produces reflexes independently of the brain

A

Spinal cord

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22
Q

What does PNS do? (2)

A

1) transmit info to and from CNS
2) Regulates movement and the internal environment

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23
Q

What transmits info to the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

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24
Q

What transmit info away from CNS

A

Efferent Neurons

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25
Q

PNS two efferent components

A

1) Motor system
2) Autonomic system

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26
Q

What does the Motor system do?

A

Carries signals to skeletal muscles (usually voluntary)

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27
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles (usually involuntary)

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28
Q

describe the Enteric nervous system’s function

A

Exerts direct controls over the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

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29
Q

What are the 2 different division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) sympathetic
2) parasympathetic

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30
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Regulates arousal and energy generation (flight or fight)

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31
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and return to rest and digest functions

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32
Q

Three major regions of the brain

A

1) forebrain
2) midbrain
3) hindbrain

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33
Q

Forebrain functions (4)

A

1) process olfactory input
2) regulate sleep
3) learning
4) complex processing

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34
Q

Midbrain function

A

Coordinates routing of sensory input

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35
Q

Hindbrain functions (2)

A

1) Controls involuntary activities
2) coordinates motor activities

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36
Q

What does size difference of brain regions reflect

A

the importance

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37
Q

the brain has how many neurons making how many connections?

A

100 billion which make 100 trillion connections

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38
Q

What give rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

A

anterior neural tube

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39
Q

What regions of the brain make the brainstem

A

midbrain and hindbrain

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40
Q

What does the brainstem join to

A

spinal cord and the base of brain

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41
Q

What region of the brain gives rise to the cerebellum?

A

hindbrain

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42
Q

What does the forebrain divide into

A

Diencephelon
Telencephalon

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43
Q

What does the Diencephelon region form

A

Forms endocrine tissues in the brain (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

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44
Q

What does the Telencephalon form

A

the cerebrum

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45
Q

What does the Cerebrum control? (5)

A

1) Skeletal muscle contractions
2) Center for learning
3) emotion
4) memory
5) perception
SCEMP

46
Q

The Cerebral cortex is vital for? (3)

A

1) Perception
2) voluntary movement
3) learning

47
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Thick band of axons enables the right and left cerebral cortices to communicate

48
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate

A

Movement and Balance
helps in learning and remembering motor skills

49
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to

A

1) thalamus
2) hypothalamus
3) epithalamus

50
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus? (2)

A

control center for:
1) body thermostat
2) biological clock

51
Q

What does the brainstem consist of? (3)

A

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla Oblongata

52
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Receives and integrates sensory and sends it specific regions of the brains

53
Q

Major function of pons and medulla

A

Transfer information between PNS and midbrain and forebrain

54
Q

Medulla functions (5)

A

1) Breathing
2) Heart and blood vessel activity
3) Swallowing
4) Vomiting
5) Digestion

55
Q

What controls arousal and sleep? (3)

A

1) Brainstem
2) Cerebrum
3) Reticular formation

56
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

network of neurons formed in the midbrain and pons

57
Q

What is Sleep? What do you need it for?

A

Active state for brain
Needed for survival, learning, and memory

58
Q

What does the Reticular formation control regarding sleep?

A

Control timing of sleep periods: characterized by REM and vivid dreams

59
Q

What controls timing of sleep periods?

A

Neurons of the reticular formation

60
Q

Sleep intensity and duration is regulated by

A

Biological clock and regions of forebrain

61
Q

Dolphin sleep

A

Only brain half sleeps at a time

62
Q

Cycles of sleep and wakefulness are examples of

A

Circadian Rhythms

63
Q

rhythms that rely on biological clock, a molecular mechanism that directs _______. (2)

A

1) periodic gene expression
2) cellular activity

64
Q

In mammals circadian rhythm is coordinated by

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Acts as a pacemaker

65
Q

Where is the SCN located?

A

in the hypothalamus

66
Q

What generates emotions in the brain

A

1) Amygdala
2) Hippocampus
3) Thalamus
hAt of emotions

67
Q

What are the structures used for emotion called

A

Limbic system

68
Q

Most important structure of emotion in the memory

A

Amygdala
Mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum

69
Q

Generating emotion requires interactions with?

A

Different parts of the brain

70
Q

Enables a display of metabolic activity through injection of radioactive glucose

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

71
Q

Brain activity is detected through changes in local concentration

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI)

72
Q

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex) is essential for? (5)

A

1) Language
2) Communication
3) Memory
4) Consciousness
5) Awareness of our surrounding

73
Q

Four regions of cerebrum

A

1) Frontal
2) Temporal
3) Occipital
4) Parietal

74
Q

Where does cerebral cortex receive input from

A

sensory organs and somatosensory receptors

75
Q

Somatosensory receptors

A

Provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature and position of muscle

76
Q

What directs different types of input to distinct locations

A

Thalamus

77
Q

What helps plan actions and movement

A

prefrontal cortex

78
Q

How are neurons arranged in somatosensory cortex and motor cortex?

A

According to the part of the body that generates input or receives commands

79
Q

Patients with damage in _______ in the frontal lobe can understand language but cannot speak

A

Broca’s area

80
Q

Damage to ________ causes patients to be unable to understand language, though they can still speak

A

Wernicke’s area

81
Q

Left brain contribution

A

Analysis
Logic
Idea
Facts
Math
Training

82
Q

Right brain contribution

A

Creativity
Intuition
Arts
Creation
Feeling
Imagination

83
Q

The differences in hemisphere function are called

A

Lateralization

84
Q

How do the two hemispheres work together by communicating through the fibers of?

A

Corpus Callosum

85
Q

What may frontal lobe damage cause

A

Impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact

86
Q

Embryonic development of nervous system (4)

A

1) regulated gene expression and signal transduction determine where neurons form
2) neurons compete for growth-supporting factors in order to survive
3) Half the synapses that form during embryo development survive into adulthood
4) Final phase, synapse elimination occurs

87
Q

Ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth

A

Neuronal plasticity

88
Q

What do changes in neuron usage cause?

A

Strengthening or weakening of signaling at a synapse

89
Q

Developmental disorder involves a disruption in activity remodeling at synapses

A

Autsim

90
Q

Children affected with autism display (3)

A

1) Impaired communication
3) Impaired social interaction
2) Repetitive behavior

91
Q

What is essential in the formation of new memories?

A

neuronal plasticity

92
Q

How is short term memory is accessed

A

Hippocampus

93
Q

In Long term memory,

A

the links in the hippocampus are replaced by connections in the cerebral cortex

94
Q

How to get better memory

A

sleep

95
Q

What contributes to disease of the nervous system

A

Genetic and environmental factors

96
Q

Disorders of the nervous system (5)

A

1) Schizophrenia
2) depression
3) drug addiction
4) alzheimer disease
5) Parkinson’s disease

97
Q

What are the characteristics of Schizophrenia? (2)

A

1) Hallucinations
2) delusions

98
Q

What does schizophrenia affect? (2)

A

1) Affects neuronal pathways that use dopamine as neurotransmitter
2) Alter glutamate signaling

99
Q

What are the 2 forms of depression?

A

1) major depressive disorder
2) bipolar disorder

100
Q

Major depressive disorder characteristic

A

lack of interest or pleasure

101
Q

Bipolar disorder characteristic

A

1) manic phases (high-mood)
2) depressive phases (low-mood)

102
Q

Treatment for depression

A

Include drugs increase the activity of biogenic amines in the brain

103
Q

The brain rewards _______ with _______

A

Motivation with pleasure

104
Q

Why are drugs addictive

A

Increase brain reward system
affect the dopamine pathway

105
Q

What is Drug addiction?

A

Long lasting changes in reward circuitry

106
Q

What is Alzheimer disease?

A

Mental deterioration characterized by confusion and memory loss

107
Q

What does Alzheimers increase with?

A

Increases with age

108
Q

What is Alzheiemers associated with?

A

Associated with formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain

109
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Motor disorder caused by death of dopamine secreting neurons in the mid brain

110
Q

What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s disease?

A

1) Muscle tremors
2) flexed posture
3) shuffling gait

111
Q

Parkinsons disease treatment

A

L dopa

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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