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Biology 102 > Ch 52 > Flashcards

Ch 52 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Organization of ecology

A

Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biomes
Biosphere

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3
Q

Studies how an organisms physiology and behavior meet environmental challenges

A

Organismal ecology

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4
Q

Organismal ecology includes _____ and ____ ecology

A

physiological and behavioral

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5
Q

Group of individuals of the same species living in an area

A

Population

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6
Q

What focuses on factors affecting population size over time?

A

Population ecology

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7
Q

Group of populations of different species in an area

A

community

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8
Q

Examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization

A

Community ecology

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9
Q

The entire community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

A

Ecosystem

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10
Q

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

A

Ecosystem ecology

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11
Q

Mosaic of connected ecosystems

A

Landscapes

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12
Q

Focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

A

landscape ecology

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13
Q

The global ecosystem the sum of all the planets ecosystems and landscapes

A

biosphere

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14
Q

Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

A

Global ecology

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15
Q

Long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

A

Climate

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16
Q

What applies under climate? (4)

A

Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind

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17
Q

What are global climate patterns determined by? (2)

A

1) Solar energy
2) Earths movement in space

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18
Q

What are the warming effects of the sun? (3)

A

1) Establishes temperature variations
2) Circulation of air and water
3) Evaporation

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19
Q

What does the warming effect of the sun cause?

A

Latitudinal variation

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20
Q

What causes latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

A

Angle which sunlight hits earth
Effects heat and light per unit of surface area

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21
Q

Where is the sunlight the strongest in?

A

Tropics (between 23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude)

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22
Q

_______ and _______ patterns play major roles in determining climate patterns

A

Global air circulation and precipitation patterns

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23
Q

What type of airflow from the tropics toward the poles

A

Warm wet air

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24
Q

What does rising air mass cause

A

Lots of rain
esp in tropics

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25
Q

What type of air creates arid climates

A

Dry, descending air
Near 30 north and south

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26
Q

What does air flowing close to earth’s surface create?

A

Predictable global pattern

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27
Q

What modifies climates seasonally

A

Large bodies of water and mountain ranges

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28
Q

What is seasonality at high latitudes caused by

A

1) Tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation
2) its passage around the sun

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29
Q

Seasonal variations in what increases steadily toward the poles? (3)

A

1) Day length
2) solar radiation
3) temperature

30
Q

What regions have wet and dry seasons

A

20 N and 20 S
Cuz of changing angle of the sun

31
Q

What alter ocean currents

A

Seasonal changes in wind patterns
Causes upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean layers

32
Q

What does influx of nutrients to surface waters stimulates

A

Population of plankton and organisms

33
Q

What do ocean currents cause (4)

A

1) Influence nearby terrestrial environments
2) Currents toward equator = cold water from poles
3) Currents away from equator = warm water to poles
4) Air is cooled/warmed by these currents

34
Q

During the day, air _______ over warm land and draws a _______ from the cooler water

A

rises; breeze

35
Q

During the night what happens to the air over a body of water

A

The air rises over the now warmer waters and draws cooler air from land back to water

36
Q

How do mountains affect climate over land and surrounding areas?

A

Warm air cools as it rises up mountain and releases moisture on the windward side
Cold dry air absorbs moisture from land as it descends creating a rain shadow on the leeward side

37
Q

What else do mountains affect

A

The amount of sunlight reaching an area

38
Q

In northern hemisphere, which face slopes receive more sunlight

A

The south

39
Q

How much does the temp drop every 1000 m increase in elevation

A

6 c

40
Q

Referes to very fine, localized patterns in climate

A

Microclimate

41
Q

Include nonliving attributes

A

Abiotic factors

42
Q

Include living attributes

A

Biotic factors

43
Q

Directional change to global climate lasting three decades or more

A

Climate change

44
Q

What caused higher greenhouse concentration

A

GAS AND DEFORESTATION

45
Q

_______ are major life zones characterized by vegetation types or physical environment

A

Biomes

46
Q

Terrestrial biomes usually ___ into each other

A

Grade
without sharp boundaries

47
Q

The area of intergradation is called

A

Ecotone

48
Q

Layering

A

Important feature
Provides diverse habitats for animals

49
Q

An event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

A

Disturbance

50
Q

How can terrestrial biomes be characterized? (5)

A

1) Distribution
2) Precipitation
3) Temperature
4) Plants
5) animals

51
Q

Tropical forest characteristics? where and what kind?

A

1) Distribution in equatorial and subequatorial regions
2) Tropical rainforest = constant rain
Tropical dry forest = Highly seasonal rain
High temp 25-29 c all year long

52
Q

Desert

A

1) Occur in bands near 30 north and south of equator and the interior of continents
2) May be hot or cold

53
Q

Desert plant adaptation (3)

A

1) Include heat and desiccation tolerance
2) water storage
3) reduced leaf surface area

54
Q

How do Desert animals conserve water?

A

Nocturnal usually and have many adaptations

55
Q

Savanna (5)

A

1) Huge ecotone
2) Grassland dotted with trees
3) Less precipitation than in a forest and more than on a grassland
4) Mainly grasses and forbs
5) Large herbivores and insects

56
Q

What is a forb?

A

a herbaceous flowering plant other than a grass

57
Q

Chaparral (4)

A

1) Precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winter and dry summers
2) Summer is hot fall, winter, and spring are cool
3) Dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs
4) Animals include amphibians, birds, other reptiles, mammals

58
Q

Temperate Grassland (4)

A

1) Are found on many continents
2) Precipitation is highly seasonal
3) Winters are cold and dry; summers are hot
4) Mainly grasses and forbs
5) Bison!

59
Q

Northern Coniferous Forest (3)

A

1) Taiga
2) spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
3) Conifers

60
Q

Temperate Broadleaf Forest (2)

A

1) Have vertical layers, including a closed canopy, understory trees, shrub layer, and an herb layer
2) The dominant plants are deciduous trees in the northern hemisphere and evergreen eucalyptus in Australia

61
Q

Tundra

A

1) Covers expansive areas of the artic
2) Winters are cold and summers are cool
3) Vegetation is herbaceous
4) Permafrost; a permanently frozen layer of soil, restricts the growth of plant roots

62
Q

Largest biome

A

Oceans

63
Q

Zonations in aquatic biomes

A

1) Upper photic zone: has sufficient light for photosynthesis
2) Lower aphotic zone:
Both of zones make up pelagic zone

64
Q

The photic zone and aphotic zone make up the _______?

A

pelagic zone

65
Q

Located in aphotic zone with a depth of 2000 to 6000m

A

Abyssal zone

66
Q

What zone contains the organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones

A

Benthic zone

67
Q

Communities of organisms in the benthic zone are called?

A

Benthos

68
Q

Dead organic matter that falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

A

detritus

69
Q

Temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

A

Thermocline

70
Q

Semiannual mixing of their waters called

A

turnover

71
Q

What does turnover do?

A

Mixes oxygenated water fromm the surface with nutrient-rich water from bottom

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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