Ch 50 E

Question 1

What are skeletal muscle fibers classified by? (2)

Answer 1

1) The source of ATP powering the muscle
2) The speed of muscle contractions

Question 2

These fibers rely mostly on aerobic respiration to generate ATP

Answer 2

Oxidative fibers

Question 3

Oxidative fiber traits (3)

Answer 3

1) Many mitochondria
2) Rich blood supply
3) Large amt of myoglobin

Question 4

What is Myoglobin?

Answer 4

Protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin

Question 5

What fibers use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP

Answer 5

Glycolytic fibers

Question 6

How does Glycolytic fiber differ from oxidative fiber (3)

Answer 6

1) Less myoglobin
2) Larger diameter than oxidative
3) Tire more easily

Question 7

Light meat is made up of?

Answer 7

Glycolytic fibers

Question 8

Dark meat is made up of?

Answer 8

oxidative fibers

Question 9

What do fast twitch fibers enable?

Answer 9

These fibers enable brief, rapid, powerful contractions
Can be either oxidative or glycolytic

Question 10

What do Slow twitch fibers enable?

Answer 10

These fibers contract more slowly but sustain longer contractions
All oxidative

Question 11

How do slow twitch fibers differ compared to fast twitch fibers (3)

Answer 11

1) less sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) Pump Ca more slowly
3) All oxidative

Question 12

This muscle is only found in the heart?

Answer 12

Cardiac muscle

Question 13

Cardiac muscle traits (2)

Answer 13

1) Consists of striated cells electrically connected by intercalated disc
2) Generates action potential without neural input

Question 14

Smooth muscle location (2)

Answer 14

1) Found mainly in walls of hollow organs
2) Digestive, circulatory, and reproductive system

Question 15

Smooth muscle traits (3)

Answer 15

1) Contractions are slow and may be initiated by the muscles themselves
2) It also may be stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
3) Lack striations since actin and myosin arent regularely arranged

Question 16

What can activate contractions in smooth muscle cells?

Answer 16

1) the muscles themselves
2) autonomic nervous system

Question 17

What ion regulates smooth muscle contractions

Answer 17

Ca2+

Question 18

How does Ca2+ signal differ from smooth muscle compared to the other types of muscle?

Answer 18

Ca2+ enters the cytosol through plasma membrane

Question 19

The Skeleton provides _______ _______ to which muscles attach

Answer 19

rigid structure

Question 20

Skeletal muscles are attached in ________ pairs

Answer 20

Antagonistic
Paired muscles work cooperatively

Question 21

Skeleton function (3)

Answer 21

Support
Protection
Movement

Question 22

3 main types of skeletons

Answer 22

1) Hydrostatic
2) Exoskeleton
3) Endoskeleton

Question 23

Hydrostatic skeleton characteristics

Answer 23

1) Consists of fluid held under pressure in closed body compartment
2) Worms use these for peristalsis

Question 24

Exoskeleton characteristics (3)

Answer 24

1) Hard covering deposited on the surface of an animal
2) Found in molluscs and arthropods
3) Chitin is often found in cuticles

Question 25

Endoskeleton (3)

Answer 25

1) Consists of hard internal skeleton buried in soft tissue
2) Found in sponges to mammals
3) Consists of cartilage and bone

Question 26

What are 3 types of joints found in the endoskeleton?

Answer 26

1) ball and socket joint (ex. head of humerus and scapula)
2) hinge joint (ex. humerus and ulna)
3) pivot joint (ex. ulna and radius)

Question 27

What is Locomotion?

Answer 27

active travel from one place to another
Energy is expended to overcome friction and gravity

Question 28

Whats a bigger problem in water compared to land

Answer 28

Friction

Question 29

Animal ways of swimming (3)

Answer 29

1) Paddling
2) Jet propulsion
3) Moving their tail up and down or side to side

Question 30

What does flying require?

Answer 30

wings to develop enough force to overcome gravity

Question 31

Flying animals common adaptations

Answer 31

Reduced body mass