Ch. 34

Question 1

4 characteristics of chordata

Answer 1

1) notochord
2) dorsal, hollow nerve chord
3) pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) muscular, post-anal tail

Question 2

Notochord (5)

Answer 2

1) longitudinal
2) flexible rod
3) found between the digestive tract and nerve cord
4) provides skeletal support
5) in most vertebrates, a more complex jointed skeleton replaces it

Question 3

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (2)

Answer 3

1) develops from a plate of ectoderm
2) develops into the central nervous system

Question 4

pharyngeal slits or clefts (5)

Answer 4

1) in all embryos, grooves form around the pharynx
2) in most embryos, the grooves turn into slits
3) function in suspension feeding in invertebrates
4) function in gas exchange for some vertebrates
5) in tetrapods forms ear head and neck

Question 5

muscular, post-anal tail (3)

Answer 5

1) in most species, tail is reduced during embryonic development
2) contains muscular and skeletal elements
3) provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Question 6

Subphylum cephalochordata (3)

Answer 6

1) marine filter feeders (usually suspension)
2) gas exchange across body surface
3) usually sessile
ex) lancelets

Question 7

Subphylum Urochordata (7)

Answer 7

1) adults are sessile with pharyngeal slits
2) larva exhibit all 4 chordata traits
3) filter feeding with incurrent and excurrent siphons
4) complete digestive tract
5) open, rudimentary circulatory system
6) simple nervous system
7) enclosed in tunic

Question 8

Vertebrata (5)

Answer 8

1) 2+ sets of Hox genes
2) enclosed spinal cord
3) neural crest
4) cartilage or bone endoskeleton
5) internal organs: liver, kidney, heart, and endocrine glands

Question 9

what is a unique trait of lampreys and hagfish?

Answer 9

are vertebrates but lack a backbone

Question 10

class petromyzontida (4)

Answer 10

1) jawless, marine and freshwater
2) parasite that latches onto fish
3) larvae for years then mature and reproduce then die within a few days
4) contain notochord, and cartilage endoskeleton

Question 11

Class Myxini (4)

Answer 11

1) jawless, cartilage skull, reduced vertebrae
2) small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening
3) marine, bottom dwellers
4) produce slime

Question 12

characteristics of Class Chondrichthye (sharks) (10)

Answer 12

1) skeleton bodies made of cartilage
2) streamlined bodies and swift swimmers
3) dorsal fins stabilize and pectoral and pelvic fins maneuver
4) continuous swimming
5) short digestive tract with spiral valve
6) acute senses
7) internal fertilization
8) reproductive, excretory, digestive tract empty into cloaca
9) 2 chambered heart - single circulation
10) lateral line - pressure wave detection

Question 13

characteristics of class chondrichthye (rays) (3)

Answer 13

1) bottom dwellers: feed on molluscs and crustaceans
2) flat bodies with large pectoral fins
3) whip-like tails

Question 14

what are the 3 types of ways embryos develop?

Answer 14

Oviparous: eggs hatch outside the mother’s body
Oviviparous: Eggs are retained within the oviduct; young are born after hatching within the uterus
Viviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta

Question 15

Characteristics of bony fish (5)

Answer 15

1) breath through gills covered by operculum
2) swim bladders
3) mucus covering scales
4) lateral line
5) mostly oviparous

Question 16

Characteristics of Class Actinopterygii (2)

Answer 16

1) long, flexible rays on fins
2) Humans affect this fish: overfishing, damns

Question 17

Characteristics of Class Actinistia (2)

Answer 17

1) special joint in the skull gives a powerful bite
2) oil instead of gas in swim bladder
ex) coelacanths

Question 18

Characteristics of Class Dipnoi (4)

Answer 18

1) live in poor oxygenated freshwater
2) have gills and lungs
3) need to breath/gulp air
4) can aestivate in mud

Question 19

Characteristics of tetrapods (5)

Answer 19

1) 4 limbs and feet with digits
2) have neck
3) pelvic fused with backbone
4) most have no gills
5) ears for airborne noises

Question 20

Characteristics of Class Amphibia (8)

Answer 20

1) must reproduce in water
2) buccal pumping forces air into the lungs
3) skin can absorb oxygen
4) 3 chambered heart
5) external fertilization in most species
6) larval stage aquatic
7) metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones
8) all 3 types of birth

Question 21

Characteristics of order Caudata (3)

Answer 21

1) amphibians with tails
2) some are aquatic, some are on land
3) paedomorphisis

Question 22

paedo

Answer 22

child

Question 23

morph

Answer 23

change

Question 24

sis

Answer 24

the state of

Question 25

Characteristics of order anura (3)

Answer 25

1) powerful legs for locomotion
2) frogs with leathery skin are toads
3) larvae are herbivores, and adults are carnivores

Question 26

Characteristics of order gymnophiona (apoda) (2)

Answer 26

1) Legless, nearly blind, resemble earthworm
2) uterine milk nourished young inside mother’s body

Question 27

4 extraembryonic membranes

Answer 27

1) amnion: protects embryo
2) yolk sac: yolk
3) allantois: disposal of wastes
4) chorion: with allantois for gas exchange

Question 28

Extra

Answer 28

outside or beyond

Question 29

characteristics of amniotes (5)

Answer 29

1) eggs of reptiles, aves, and some mammals have shells
2) impermeable skin
3) ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs
4) water-conserving kidneys
5) thoracic breathing: negative pressure sucks air in

Question 30

Characteristics of Class Reptilia (4)

Answer 30

1) scales create a waterproof barrier
2) lay shelled eggs on land
3) internal fertilization
4) ectothermic

Question 31

Characteristics of order Rhynocheocephalia (3)

Answer 31

1) no external ears
2) active in cooler temps
3) beak/snout head

Question 32

Characteristics of order Squamata (2 types)

Answer 32

lizards have:
1) external ears
2) moveable eyelids
Snakes have:
1) kinetic skull
2) chemical sensors
3) heat sensing organs
4) some have venom

Question 33

Characteristics of order Chelonia (3)

Answer 33

1) lack holes in skulls behind eye socket
2) vertebrae and ribs fused with hard protective shell
3) lack teeth but have sharp beak

Question 34

Characteristics of order Crocodilia (4)

Answer 34

1) confined to warm places
2) 4 chambered heart
3) teeth have sockets
4) care for young

Question 35

4 features unique to birds

Answer 35

1) feathers
2) airsack
3) reduction of organs
4) lightweight skeleton

Question 36

Characteristics of Aves

Answer 36

1) warm body
2) 4 chambered heart
3) acute vision
4) internal fertilization

Question 37

marsupials

Answer 37

subclass Metatheria
maternal pouch called marsupium
embryo nourished by placenta

Question 38

monotremes

Answer 38

Subclass prototheria
egg laying mammals
lack nipples, have glands

Question 39

eutherians

Answer 39

subclass theria
more complex placenta
embryonic development finished in uterus