Ch. 34 Flashcards
4 characteristics of chordata
1) notochord
2) dorsal, hollow nerve chord
3) pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) muscular, post-anal tail
Notochord (5)
1) longitudinal
2) flexible rod
3) found between the digestive tract and nerve cord
4) provides skeletal support
5) in most vertebrates, a more complex jointed skeleton replaces it
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (2)
1) develops from a plate of ectoderm
2) develops into the central nervous system
pharyngeal slits or clefts (5)
1) in all embryos, grooves form around the pharynx
2) in most embryos, the grooves turn into slits
3) function in suspension feeding in invertebrates
4) function in gas exchange for some vertebrates
5) in tetrapods forms ear head and neck
muscular, post-anal tail (3)
1) in most species, tail is reduced during embryonic development
2) contains muscular and skeletal elements
3) provides propelling force in many aquatic species
Subphylum cephalochordata (3)
1) marine filter feeders (usually suspension)
2) gas exchange across body surface
3) usually sessile
ex) lancelets
Subphylum Urochordata (7)
1) adults are sessile with pharyngeal slits
2) larva exhibit all 4 chordata traits
3) filter feeding with incurrent and excurrent siphons
4) complete digestive tract
5) open, rudimentary circulatory system
6) simple nervous system
7) enclosed in tunic
Vertebrata (5)
1) 2+ sets of Hox genes
2) enclosed spinal cord
3) neural crest
4) cartilage or bone endoskeleton
5) internal organs: liver, kidney, heart, and endocrine glands
what is a unique trait of lampreys and hagfish?
are vertebrates but lack a backbone
class petromyzontida (4)
1) jawless, marine and freshwater
2) parasite that latches onto fish
3) larvae for years then mature and reproduce then die within a few days
4) contain notochord, and cartilage endoskeleton
Class Myxini (4)
1) jawless, cartilage skull, reduced vertebrae
2) small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening
3) marine, bottom dwellers
4) produce slime
characteristics of Class Chondrichthye (sharks) (10)
1) skeleton bodies made of cartilage
2) streamlined bodies and swift swimmers
3) dorsal fins stabilize and pectoral and pelvic fins maneuver
4) continuous swimming
5) short digestive tract with spiral valve
6) acute senses
7) internal fertilization
8) reproductive, excretory, digestive tract empty into cloaca
9) 2 chambered heart - single circulation
10) lateral line - pressure wave detection
characteristics of class chondrichthye (rays) (3)
1) bottom dwellers: feed on molluscs and crustaceans
2) flat bodies with large pectoral fins
3) whip-like tails
what are the 3 types of ways embryos develop?
Oviparous: eggs hatch outside the mother’s body
Oviviparous: Eggs are retained within the oviduct; young are born after hatching within the uterus
Viviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta
Characteristics of bony fish (5)
1) breath through gills covered by operculum
2) swim bladders
3) mucus covering scales
4) lateral line
5) mostly oviparous
Characteristics of Class Actinopterygii (2)
1) long, flexible rays on fins
2) Humans affect this fish: overfishing, damns
Characteristics of Class Actinistia (2)
1) special joint in the skull gives a powerful bite
2) oil instead of gas in swim bladder
ex) coelacanths
Characteristics of Class Dipnoi (4)
1) live in poor oxygenated freshwater
2) have gills and lungs
3) need to breath/gulp air
4) can aestivate in mud
Characteristics of tetrapods (5)
1) 4 limbs and feet with digits
2) have neck
3) pelvic fused with backbone
4) most have no gills
5) ears for airborne noises
Characteristics of Class Amphibia (8)
1) must reproduce in water
2) buccal pumping forces air into the lungs
3) skin can absorb oxygen
4) 3 chambered heart
5) external fertilization in most species
6) larval stage aquatic
7) metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones
8) all 3 types of birth
Characteristics of order Caudata (3)
1) amphibians with tails
2) some are aquatic, some are on land
3) paedomorphisis
paedo
child
morph
change
sis
the state of
Characteristics of order anura (3)
1) powerful legs for locomotion
2) frogs with leathery skin are toads
3) larvae are herbivores, and adults are carnivores
Characteristics of order gymnophiona (apoda) (2)
1) Legless, nearly blind, resemble earthworm
2) uterine milk nourished young inside mother’s body
4 extraembryonic membranes
1) amnion: protects embryo
2) yolk sac: yolk
3) allantois: disposal of wastes
4) chorion: with allantois for gas exchange
Extra
outside or beyond
characteristics of amniotes (5)
1) eggs of reptiles, aves, and some mammals have shells
2) impermeable skin
3) ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs
4) water-conserving kidneys
5) thoracic breathing: negative pressure sucks air in
Characteristics of Class Reptilia (4)
1) scales create a waterproof barrier
2) lay shelled eggs on land
3) internal fertilization
4) ectothermic
Characteristics of order Rhynocheocephalia (3)
1) no external ears
2) active in cooler temps
3) beak/snout head
Characteristics of order Squamata (2 types)
lizards have:
1) external ears
2) moveable eyelids
Snakes have:
1) kinetic skull
2) chemical sensors
3) heat sensing organs
4) some have venom
Characteristics of order Chelonia (3)
1) lack holes in skulls behind eye socket
2) vertebrae and ribs fused with hard protective shell
3) lack teeth but have sharp beak
Characteristics of order Crocodilia (4)
1) confined to warm places
2) 4 chambered heart
3) teeth have sockets
4) care for young
4 features unique to birds
1) feathers
2) airsack
3) reduction of organs
4) lightweight skeleton
Characteristics of Aves
1) warm body
2) 4 chambered heart
3) acute vision
4) internal fertilization
marsupials
subclass Metatheria
maternal pouch called marsupium
embryo nourished by placenta
monotremes
Subclass prototheria
egg laying mammals
lack nipples, have glands
eutherians
subclass theria
more complex placenta
embryonic development finished in uterus
