Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 102 > Ch 46 > Flashcards

Ch 46 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

Creating of an offspring by fusion of haploid gametes (Male sperm and female egg) to form diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction

A

1) budding
2) binary fission
3) fragmentation
4) parthenogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Budding?

A

New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
- only in invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Binary Fission?

A

Separation of parent into individuals of same size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Fragmentation?

A

Breaking of the body into pieces that develop into adults
- Must be accompanied by regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

Development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg (2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Negative side of sexual reproduction

A

Finding partner can be tough :(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Hermaphroditism?

A

Each individual has both male and female reproductive systems
Some species can self fertilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is True sex change?

A

Organisms can change their sex under certain circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Synchronous hermaphroditism?

A

Individual simultaneously male and female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Sequential hermaphroditism?

A

sex change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Egg producers become sperm producers (name)

A

Protogynous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sperm producers become egg producers (name)

A

Protandrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

characteristics of Psuedo-penis (3)

A

1) Hyenas have (pseudophalluses)
2) Paired with “testicles” - fused labia with fatty tissue -
3) Females give birth through their pseudopenis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to?

A

Changing Season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are reproductive cycles controlled by

A

Hormones and environmental cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is ovulation

A

Release of mature eggs at the mid point in a female cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes a decrease in reproductive sucess

A

Climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Several Genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards reproduce by a form of parthenogenesis that involves?

A

Doubling of chromosomes after meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Psuedo-copulation?

A

They only produce eggs
No sperm
All females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the “twofold cost” of sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females (cost of male)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is sexual reproduction advantageous in?

A

Environments were factors change alot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is asexual reproduction advantageous in?

A

Stable environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the definition Fertilization?

A

Union of egg and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in External fertilziation? what kind of environment can it take place in?

A

Eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm in external environment
Needs moist habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Spawning?

A

Individuals cluster in the same area to release their gametes into the water at same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What triggers spawning? (2)

A

1) Chemical signals
2) Environment cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pheromones that are released by the ovum to attract the correct sperm are called?

A

chemoattractants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the benefits of Internal fertilization?

A

Enables sperm to reach an egg despite dry external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can internal fertilization be influenced by?

A

Pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does internal fertilization require?

A

Requires behavioral interaction and compatible copulatory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Internal fertilization (traits)

A

1) Fewer gametes
2) Higher survivorship of zygotes
3) Provide protection of embryos and care from parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the benefits of shells and internal membrane (2)

A

1) Protect against water loss
2) protection against physical damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In organisms without gonads, where do gametes form?

A

undifferentiated tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do accessory tubes and glands do for embryos (3)

A

1) Carry
2) Nourish
3) Protect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Spermatheca?

A

In Female insects
Sperm is stored during copulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the Cloaca?

A

Common opening between external environment and digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems
Common in nonmammalian vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is monogamy?

A

Male or female of species have mechanism to decrease chance of mating with another individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is pair bonding?

A

where 2 organisms stay together for life
- can reproduce outside of the relationship but don’t raise young

42
Q

Male external reproductive organs (2)

A

1) Scrotum
2) Penis

43
Q

What are the 3 Internal Organs in males (3)

A

1) Gonads
2) Accessory Glands
3) Ducts

44
Q

What are the Testes?

A

Highly coiled tubules surrounded by connective tissues

45
Q

Where is sperm formed?

A

seminiferous tubules

46
Q

Normal sperm can’t be produce at?

A

Normal body temperatures of most mammals

47
Q

Where are testes held?

A

Outside of abdominal cavity in scrotum which is where temperatures are lower

48
Q

Where does Sperm pass into?

A

Epididymis
Takes 3 weeks for sperm to travel the duct

49
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

1) Sperm is propelled through VAS DEFERENS and ejaculatory duct
2) Exits the penis through the urethra

50
Q

What is Semen?

A

Sperm (5%) plus secretions from 3 sets of accessory glands

51
Q

What do the two seminal vesicles contribute to semen?

A

Fructose
about 60% of total volume in semen

52
Q

What does the Prostate gland contribute to semen?

A

Secretes alkaline directly into urethra through small ducts

53
Q

What do the Bulbourethral Glands contribute?

A

Secrete alkaline, a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

54
Q

Penis Composure

A

3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

1) glans
2) shaft
3) prepuce

56
Q

What is an Erection?

A

Erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries
During sexual arousal

57
Q

What is the Glans?

A

Thinner skin than shaft
Sensitive to stimulation

58
Q

What is the Prepuce?

A

Foreskin

59
Q

Female external reproductive structures (3)

A

1) Clitoris
2) two sets of labia
3) hymen

60
Q

Female Internal reproductive organs (3)

A

1) Pair of gonads (ovaries)
2) System of ducts (oviducts/fallopian tube, uterus)
3) Chambers (vagina)

61
Q

What are Ovaries? (2)

A

1) Female Gonads
2) contain follicles

62
Q

What are Follicles?

A

Consist of partially developed egg (oocyte), surrounded by support cell

63
Q

What is an Oocyte?

A

Partially developed egg

64
Q

What is the function of the Oviduct?

A

leads egg cell from the ovary to the uterus through the oviduct

65
Q

What do the cilia in the oviduct do?

A

convey egg to uterus

66
Q

What is another name for the Uterus?

A

Womb

67
Q

What lines the uterus?

A

Endometrium
many blood vessels

68
Q

The uterus narrows at the _______, then opens into the vagina

A

cervix

69
Q

What is the Vagina? What does it do?

A

1) Muscular but elastic chamber
2) Repository for sperm and serves as birth canal

70
Q

What are the parts of the Vulva?

A

1) Labia majora
2) Labia Minora
3) Hymen
4) Clitoris

71
Q

What makes up the Clitoris?

A

Has a head called a glans coved by prepuce

72
Q

What is the Mammary Gland?

A

Not part of reproduction system
Small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk

73
Q

What is the term for the production of gametes

A

Gametogenesis

74
Q

What is the term for the formation of sperm? What is a major characteristic?

A

Spermatogenesis
Continuous and prolific

75
Q

How much sperm is created per day?

A

75-100 million
each sperm takes 10 weeks to develop

76
Q

How much sperm is released per ejaculation

A

40-500 million

77
Q

What is the term for the development of mature egg? What is a major characteristic?

A

Oogenesis
Prolonged process

78
Q

What happens in the development of eggs in a female embryo?

A

Immature eggs form in female embryo but don’t developed until years later

79
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce following ovulation? (2)

A

1) high levels of progesterone
2) moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin

80
Q

How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis (3)

A

1) 4 products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1/4 becomes an egg
2) Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adultood
3) Sperm are continuously produced

81
Q

Mammalian reproduction is controlled by hormones from? (3)

A

1) Hypothalamus
2) Anterior pituitary
3) Gonads

82
Q

What does the Hypothalamus secrete?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

83
Q

What does the Anterior pituitary secrete

A

FSH and LH

84
Q

What kind of hormones does the Gonad release?

A

release steroid hormone

85
Q

What type of hormones are the main sex hormones?

A

Steroid Hormones

86
Q

what is the main Androgen hormone?

A

Testosterone

87
Q

What are the main Estrogen hormones

A

Estradiol and Progesterone

88
Q

Sex hormone function (3)

A

1) Gamete production
2) Sexual behavior
3) Secondary sex charcteristics

89
Q

What is the function of FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

Stimulates sertoli cells to nourish developing sperm

90
Q

What is the function of LH in the male reproductive system?

A

causes leydig cells to produce testosterone and androgens to promote spermatogenesis

91
Q

Testosterone has inhibitory affects on what?

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

92
Q

What do Sertoli cells secrete

A

Secrete the hormone inhibin

93
Q

What does Inhibin do in the male reproductive system?

A

Reduces FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

94
Q

What female reproductive cycle has changes in ovaries?

A

Ovarian cycle

95
Q

What female reproductive cycle has changes in the uterus?

A

Menstrual cycle

96
Q

What is Menstruation?

A

When embryo doesn’t implant in endometrium, it sheds

97
Q

What happens every menstrual cycle regarding endometrium?

A

Endometrium thickens with blood vessels for embryo implantation

98
Q

Describe the Ovarian Cycle (follicular cycle) (5)

A

1) Begins with GnRH gets released by hypothalamus
2) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
3) FSH stimulates follicle growth with help from LH
4) Follicles start to make estradiol
5) Maturing Follicle enlarges to form a bulge at surface of ovary

99
Q

Describe the Ovarian Cycle (luteal phase) (2)

A

1) LH stimulates remaining follicular tissue to form
2) Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol inhibiting hypothalamus

100
Q

When does the follicular phase end?

A

At ovulation

101
Q

When does the luteal phase start?

A

After ovulation

Biology 102 (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions