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Biology 102 > Ch. 39 B > Flashcards

Ch. 39 B Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the effects of gibberellins (3)

A

1) Stem Elongation
2) Fruit Growth
3) Seed Germination

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2
Q

How do Gibberellins stimulate growth?

A

Enhancing cell division and elongation

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3
Q

Where are Gibberellins produced?

A

Young roots and shoots

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4
Q

What is bolting?

A

Rapid growth of floral stalk

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5
Q

What is required for fruit development?

A

Auxin and Gibberellin

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6
Q

What does the release of gibberellins indicate to the embryo?

A

The germination of the seed (after imbibition)

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7
Q

What is the function of Amylase?

A

Breaks down amylose

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8
Q

What does Abscisic acid do? What does it affect?

A

1) It slows growth by stopping the actions of growth hormones
2) Causes seed dormancy and drought tolerance

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9
Q

What does the ratio of ABA to gibberellins indicate?

A

Affects whether the seeds will break dormancy

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10
Q

What causes early germination?

A

Low levels of ABA

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11
Q

What is the primary signal that enables plants to withstand a drought

A

ABA

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12
Q

ABA accumulation causes what for drought tolerance

A

Stomata to close rapidly (wilting of leaves)

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13
Q

What does the transport of ABA from water-stressed root system leaves indicate?

A

Early warning system

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14
Q

Abiotic Stress (Plant Development)

A

Primary Metabolites
Heat, cold, drought, salt, metals, flooding

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15
Q

Biotic Stress (Plant Defense)

A

Phytohormones
Herbivore attack, Insect attack, Pathogen attack

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16
Q

When do plants produce ethylene?

A

Response to stress: Drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury and infection

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17
Q

What are the effects of ethylene? (3)

A

Senescence: Loss of cell division and growth
Leaf abscission: less leaves
Fruit Ripening

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18
Q

What is the triple response to mechanical stress?

A

1) Triple response: Elongation slowed, thickened stem, and horizontal stem growth
2) Happens when seedling tips is pressed against obstacle ethylene is produced
3) Absence of ethylene causes normal growth

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19
Q

What is senescence? When does it happen?

A

Programmed death of certain cells or organs or entire plant
Burst of ethylene is associated with apoptosis

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20
Q

What is Leaf Abscission?

A

Change in balance of auxin and ethylene causes leaves to fall and DIE

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21
Q

What triggers ripening?

A

Release of more ethylene

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22
Q

Change in shape due to a response to light

A

Photomorphogenesis

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23
Q

What can plants detect?

A

Light: presence, direction, intensity, and color

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24
Q

Two major classes of light receptors?

A

1) Blue light photoreceptors
2) Phytochromes

25
Q

What does blue light initiate?

A

1) Hypocotyl elongation
2) Stomatal opening
3) phototropism

26
Q

What is phototropin?

A

Protein kinase involved in mediating plant responses to blue light

27
Q

What do phytochromes do? (3)

A

Pigments that regulate plant response to light
De-etiolation, seed germination (red light), and shade avoidance

28
Q

What does red light cause

A

Induced germination

29
Q

What inhibits germination?

A

Far-red light

30
Q

Are the effects of red and far-red light reversible?

A

Yes

31
Q

What does final light exposure do?

A

Determines the response (for seed germination)

32
Q

What are the two photoreversible states

A

Pr and PFr

33
Q

What triggers the conversion of Pr to Pfr

A

Red light (faster than the reverse reaction)

34
Q

What triggers the conversion of PFr to Pr

A

Far-red light

35
Q

What contains both red and far red light thus causing germination?

A

Sunlight

36
Q

Red light nm?

A

600-700

37
Q

Far red light nm?

A

700-750

38
Q

Explain the interaction of canopy leaves and red and far-red light

A

they absorb red light and allow far-red light to pass through to shaded leaves

39
Q

what does Pr induce?

A

vertical growth

40
Q

plant processes and circadian rhythms

A

1) some processes affected by light and temperature
2) others under frequency of 24 hr even under constant conditions

41
Q

photoperiod

A

lengths of night and day
environmental stimulus to detect time of year

42
Q

Photoperiodism

A

physiological response to photoperiod

43
Q

Short-day plants

A

light period is shorter than a critical length
governed by minimum hours of consecutive darkness
(if maximum consecutive darkness is exceeded= flowering)

44
Q

Long-day plants

A

light period longer than a certain number of hours
governed by maximum hours of darkness
(if maximum consecutive darkness is exceeded= no flowering)

45
Q

Day-neutral plants

A

controlled by plant maturity not photoperiod

46
Q

photoperiods are controlled by what?

A

critical night length

47
Q

gravitropism

A

response to gravity

48
Q

How are roots and shoots affected by gravitropism?

A

roots show positive
shoots show negative

49
Q

what are statoliths?

A

cytoplasmic components that help plants detect gravity

50
Q

Thigmomorphogenesis

A

changes in form from mechanical disturbance
ex) rubbing stems

51
Q

Thigmotropism

A

growth in response to touch

52
Q

what are Action potentials?

A

touch response from electrical impulses

53
Q

How do plants reduce transpiration? (3)

A

1) closing stomata
2) reducing exposed surface area
3) shedding leaves

54
Q

How do plants survive flooding?

A

1) enzymatic destruction of root cortex
2) aerial roots

55
Q

How do plants respond to salt stress?

A

producing solutes that tolerate high concentration

56
Q

How do plants respond to heat stress? (2)

A

1) transpiration
2) heat-shock proteins

57
Q

How do plants respond to cold stress? (3)

A

1) alter lipid composition in membranes
2) increase solute concentration in cytosol to reduce water loss
3) antifreeze proteins

58
Q

describe plant response to attacks by pathogens and herbivores

A

use defense systems

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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