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Biology 102 > ch 53 > Flashcards

ch 53 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population ecology explores the ________, _______, ______ of populations

A

abundance
dispersion
age structure

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2
Q

A ________ is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

A

population

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3
Q

populations are described by their _______ and _______

A

boundaries and size

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4
Q

The number of individuals is called

A

population size

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5
Q

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

density

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6
Q

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

A

Dispersion

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7
Q

_______ can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes

A

sampling techniques

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8
Q

Population size can be estimated by? (3)

A

1) extrapolation from small samples
2) an index of population size (e.g., number of nests)
3) the mark-recapture method

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9
Q

Whats the formula for the mark and recapture method?

A

N=sn/x

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10
Q

Scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals (__) in a population
Marked individuals are given time to mix back into the population
Scientists capture a second sample of individuals (__), and note how many of them are marked (__)
Population size (__) is estimated by N=sn/x

A

s, n, x, N

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11
Q

the influx of new individuals from other areas

A

Immigration

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12
Q

the movement of individuals out of a population

A

Emigration

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of dispersion

A

1) clumped
2) uniform
3) random

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14
Q

The most common pattern of dispersion is _______

A

clumped

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15
Q

Clumped dispersions are influenced mainly by _______

A

resource availability

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16
Q

clumped dispersions can also be influenced by _______ and _______

A

Mating behavior; group defense against predators

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17
Q

Dispersion in which individuals are evenly distributed

A

Uniform dispersion

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18
Q

Uniform dispersion may be influenced by social interactions such as _______

A

territoriality

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19
Q

the defense of a bounded space against other individuals

A

territoriality

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20
Q

Dispersion in which the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

A

random dispersion

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21
Q

When does random dispersion occur?

A

absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals

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22
Q

the study of these vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

A

Demography

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23
Q

an age-specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population

A

Life table

24
Q

life tables are often made by following the ________ of a _______, a group of individuals of the same age

A

fate; cohort

25
Q

a group of individuals of the same age is called a?

A

cohort

26
Q

A _______ is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table

A

survivorship curve

27
Q

What type of curve is: Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups

A

Type I

28
Q

What type of curve is: A constant death rate over the organism’s life span

A

Type II

29
Q

What type of curve is: High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

A

Type III

30
Q

Change in population size (total) =

A

births + immigrants - Deaths - emigrants

31
Q

change in N/ change in T =

A

Births (B) - Deaths (D) which can be represented as (R)

32
Q

population increase under idealized conditions

A

Exponential population growth

33
Q

The maximum population size the environment can support

A

Carrying capacity (K)

34
Q

In the _______ model, the per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears carrying capacity (K)

A

logistics population growth

35
Q

What are the 3 key components of organism’s life history?

A

1) Maturity (The age at first reproduction)
2) how often the organism reproduces
3) clutch size (How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode)

36
Q

species that reproduce once and die

A

semelparity

37
Q

species that produce offspring repeatedly

A

iteroparity

38
Q

there is a _______ between survival and paternal care (brood size) in European kestrels

A

trade-off

39
Q

Selective pressures influence trade-offs between the _______ and _______ of offspring

A

number and size

40
Q

Are sea turtles r or K selected?

A

They’re a mixture
they are K selected because they mature late, expend a lot of energy to reach birth place to lay eggs, and live a long time
they are r selected because they produce a lot of offspring and don’t undergo parental care

41
Q

What are the 2 types of population changes regarding density?

A

density-independent
density-dependent

42
Q

In density-_______ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

A

independent

43
Q

In density-_______ populations, birth rates fall and death increase with rising population density

A

dependent

44
Q

What are the 6 density-dependent factors?

A

1) competition for resources
2) disease
3) predation
4) territoriality
5) toxic wastes
6) intrinsic factors

45
Q

In crowded populations, increasing population density intensifies _______ and results in a lower birth rate

A

competition for resources

46
Q

What factor is characterized in dense populations as pathogens can spread more rapidly

A

disease

47
Q

As a prey population builds up, _______ may feed preferentially on that species

A

predators

48
Q

_______ can limit population density when individuals compete for limited space

A

territoriality

49
Q

Accumulation of _______ can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size

A

toxic wastes

50
Q

For some populations, _______ (physiological) appear to regulate population size

A

intrinsic factors

51
Q

describe boom or bust cycles

A

Increase and decrease of population following a cycle of time periods

52
Q

When a population becomes crowded and resource competition increases, _______ often increases

A

emigration

53
Q

groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration

A

Metapopulations

54
Q

Local populations in a metapopulation occupy patches of _______ habitat surrounded by _______ habitat

A

suitable; unsuitable

55
Q

the relative number of individuals of each age in a population

A

age structure

56
Q

One important factor affecting population growth is a country’s _______

A

age structure

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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