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Biology 102 > Ch. 36 > Flashcards

Ch. 36 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stems

A

1) conduct water and nutrients
2) support leaves

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2
Q

trade-off between growing tall and branching

A

more energy in branching means less energy to grow

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3
Q

phyll

A

leaf

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4
Q

taxi

A

movement toward or away from

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5
Q

phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

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6
Q

angio

A

seed vessels

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7
Q

What is the angle between leaves that minimize shading of lower leaves

A

137.5 degrees

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8
Q

horizontal leaves

A

capture more sunlight

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9
Q

verticle leaves

A

less damaged by the sun

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10
Q

stomatal pores

A

diffusion of CO2 into photosynthetic tissue of leaves

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11
Q

How much water is lost by stomatal pores

A

90%

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12
Q

roots branch extensively into pockets of high _______ availability and grow straight through pockets of low _______ availability

A

nitrate

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13
Q

roots and hyphae of soil fungi form

A

mycorrhizae associations

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14
Q

what does mycorrhizal fungi do?

A

increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals (especially phosphate P)

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15
Q

apoplastic route

A

transport of water and solutes through cell walls and extracellular spaces

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16
Q

symplastic route

A

transport of water and solutes across plasma membrane once and then through cytosol and plasmodesmata

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17
Q

transmembrane route

A

transport of water and solutes repeatedly across plasma membranes

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18
Q

apo

A

away, furthest point

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19
Q

sym

A

with, in company, together

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20
Q

trans

A

cross

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21
Q

plastic

A

to grow or form, capable of being deformed without rupture

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22
Q

what controls short-distance movement of substances?

A

plasma membrane permeability

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23
Q

do plants have active or passive transport?

A

both

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24
Q

How is membrane potential established in plants?

A

pumping of H+ by proton pumps

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25
Q

how is membrane potential established in animals?

A

pumping Na+ by sodium-potassium pumps

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26
Q

explain a proton pump

A

a pump that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to transport H+ across a membrane against its concentration gradient

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27
Q

explain a cotransporter pump

A

the potential gradient energy from H+ allow for transport of other ions across the membrane

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28
Q

explain an ion channel

A

An ion channel is a membrane protein that facilitates the selective movement of ions across a cell membrane

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29
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water in or out of a cell affected by solute concentration and pressure

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30
Q

What makes up water potential?

A

solute potential + pressure potential

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31
Q

which way does water diffuse

A

from higher water potential to lower water potential

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32
Q

potential

A

ability to do work

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33
Q

solute potential (2)

A

1) also called osmotic potential
2) inversely proportional to molarity, lower the molarity the higher the solute potential

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34
Q

pressure potential (2)

A

1) physical pressure of the solution
2) positive (pushing), negative (sucking)

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35
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

positive pressure exerted by plasma membrane against the cell wall and against the protoplast

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36
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

the living part of the cell

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37
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

when the protoplast pulls away from the cell wall

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38
Q

flaccid

A

limp

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39
Q

ton

A

tension

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40
Q

ic

A

pertaining to or relating to

41
Q

hyper

A

above

42
Q

iso

A

the same

43
Q

hypo

A

below

44
Q

aquaporins

A

transport proteins in cell membrane that facilitate the passage of water

45
Q

what is bulk flow

A

the movement of a fluid driven by a pressure gradient

46
Q

water and solutes move together through what of the xylem and what of the phloem

A

1) tracheids and vessel elements of the xylem
2) sieve-tube elements of the phloem

47
Q

what do branching veins in leaves ensure?

A

they ensure that all living cells are within a few cells of vascular tissues

48
Q

mature tracheids and vessel elements lack ________

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

sieve tube elements have few _____ in cytoplasm

A

organelles

50
Q

what connects vessel elements?

A

perforation plates

51
Q

what connects sieve-tube elements

A

sieve plates

52
Q

What connect tracheids?

A

pits

53
Q

where does most water and mineral absorption occur, and how?

A

1) root tips where root hairs are located
2) the epidermis is permeable to water

54
Q

what accounts for much of the surface area of roots?

A

root hairs

55
Q

cortical cell membranes do what?

A

enhance uptake of water and selected minerals

56
Q

what does active transport enable?

A

it allows minerals to accumulate in higher concentrations in the roots compared to the soil

57
Q

in the root cortex, what is the innermost layer of the cells

A

the endodermis

58
Q

what does the endodermis do?

A

1) it surrounds the vascular cylinder
2) it is the last checkpoint of selective passage of minerals from Cortex to vascular tissue

59
Q

what does the Casparian strip do?

A

blocks apoplastic transfer of water and minerals from cortex to vascular cylinder

60
Q

describe water movement from endodermal cells to tracheids and vessel elements

A

1) Endodermal cells discharge water and minerals from their protoplasts into their own cell walls. (diffusion and active transport)
2) once in apoplast, water and minerals can enter tracheids and vessel elements

61
Q

what is xylem sap?

A

1) contains water and dissolved minerals
2) transported from roots to leaves by bulk flow

62
Q

transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from a plant’s surface

63
Q

What is root pressure?

A

generated from water flow from root cortex
a push of xylem sap

64
Q

guttation

A

the exudation of water or droplets on tips or edges of leaves

65
Q

how do root cells lower water potential at night?

A

they continue pumping mineral ions from soil into xylem (soil(10) ->root cell(-5) ->xylem(-10)
- allows movement of water up plant even though there is less transpiration

66
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from roots to shoots

67
Q

transpiration pull

A

1) water vapor in air spaces of leaf diffuse down its water potential gradient and exit leaf via stomata
2) surface tension of water at air-water interface creates negative pressure potential

68
Q

how does pressure potential affect water potential

A

negative pressure potential lowers water potential (directly correlated)

69
Q

what force helps offset gravity

A

adhesion (water molecules to xylem cell walls)

70
Q

What is cavitation?

A

the formation of a water vapor pocket

71
Q

what element of vessel elements and tracheids prevent it from collapsing under negative pressure?

A

thick secondary walls

72
Q

How can xylem sap transport be continued after cavitation? (4)

A

1) move through pits
2) move from xylem to phloem and back again
3) cavitation can be repaired
4) new xylem is added by secondary growth

73
Q

differences between bulk flow and diffusion

A

1) driven by differences in pressure potential not solute potential
2) occurs in dead hollow cells, not membranes of living cells
3) moves entire solution, not just water or solutes
4) much faster

74
Q

changes in what pressure open and close stomata

A

turgor pressure (turgid open, flaccid close)

75
Q

what do guard cells do?

A

open and close stomata to help balance water conservation with gas exchange

76
Q

changes in turgor pressure in stomata result from?

A

reversible uptake and loss in potassium ions (K+) by guard cells

77
Q

what generates membrane potential required to move K+ across the plasma membrane

A

proton pumps generate the membrane potential required to move K+ across the plasma membrane

78
Q

stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by

A

1) light
2) CO2 depletion
3) internal clock of guard cells

79
Q

what causes stomatal closing during daytime (2)

A

1) drought stress
2) hormone: abscisic acid (ABA)

80
Q

effects of transpiration (3)

A

1) some water loss through cuticle
2) plant will wilt if water cant be replaced
3) evaporative cooling from transpiration cools leaf

81
Q

What affects transpiration rates (4)

A

1) Sun
2) Warmth
3) dryness
4) wind

82
Q

Xero

A

dry

83
Q

xerophytes

A

plants adapted to arid/dry climates

84
Q

how xerophytes combat arid climates

A

1) complete life cycle during rainy season
2) fleshy stems that store water or leaf modifications that reduce transpiration
3) CAM

85
Q

translocation

A

products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem

86
Q

sugar source

A

organ that is a net producer of sugar (leaves)

87
Q

sugar sink

A

organ that is net consumer of sugar (buds, roots, fruits)

88
Q

What is phloem sap? How does it travel?

A

1) an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose
2) travels from source to sink

89
Q

seasonal dependency of storage organs

A

sink in summer, source in spring

90
Q

sugar must do what before it can be exported to sinks

A

loaded into sieve-tube elements

91
Q

depending on the species sugar may move by:

A

1) symplastic
2) symplastic and apoplastic

92
Q

What is the function of companion cells?

A

enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast

93
Q

in angiosperms, ___________ are the conduits for _________

A

Sieve-tube elements, translocation

94
Q

phloem loading requires

A

active transport

95
Q

how do companion cells accumulate sucrose

A

cotransport of sucrose and H+
The H+ gradient is created by proton pumps

96
Q

at the sink, ________ diffuse from the ________ to sink tissues and are followed by _______

A

sugar molecules
phloem
water

97
Q

how does phloem sap move through sieve tube?

A

bulk flow driven by positive pressure (pressure flow)

98
Q

______ of soil fungi form mutualistic associations with mycorrhizae

A

hyphae

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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