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Biology 102 > Ch 46 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Ch 46 Pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what phase does the thickening of the endometrium take place in?

A

Proliferative phase

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2
Q

In what phase do glands develop that secrete nutritive substances to sustain the embryo?

A

Secretory phase

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3
Q

Shedding of endometrium during ________ coordinates growth of new ovarian follicles

A

Menstrual flow phase

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4
Q

Cells of the uterine lining can sometimes migrate to an abnormal location called?

A

Ectopic

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5
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

A disorder where there is swelling of abdominal cells in response to hormone stimulation

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6
Q

Cessation of ovulation and menstruation

A

Menopause
- Unusual among animals

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7
Q

What is a characteristic only of humans and other primates

A

Menstrual cycles

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8
Q

Characteristic of most animals

A

Estrous cycles

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9
Q

characteristics of Estrous cycles (2)

A

1) Endometrium is reabsorbed by Uterus
2) Sexual receptivity is limited to a heat period

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10
Q

Estrus

A

“Heat” period

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11
Q

What are the 2 sexual reactions

A

1) vasocongestion: tissue filling with blood
2) myotonia: increased muscle tension

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12
Q

Sexual Response cycle four phases?

A

1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution

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13
Q

What is the term for Sexual Intercourse

A

Coitus

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14
Q

Direct stimulation of genitalia causes?

A

Maintaining of plateau phase and prepares vagina for receipt of sperm

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15
Q

What is an Orgasm? male? female?

A

Rhythmic contraction of reproductive structures
male: semen released and ejaculated from urethra
female: uterus and outer vagina contract

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16
Q

What is the Resolution phase?

A

Organs return to normal state and muscle relax

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17
Q

What is Conception?

A

Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs in oviduct

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18
Q

What happens to the zygote after conception?

A

Begins to divide by mitosis in process called cleavage

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19
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A

Ball of cells with central cavity

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20
Q

What happens after blastocyst is formed?

A

Embryo implants into the endometrium

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21
Q

What is the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

A

Pregnancy or Gestation

22
Q

What happens in the first trimester regarding hormone secretion?

A

Embryo secretes hormones (hCG) that signal presence and regulate mothers reproductive system

23
Q

What hormone maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogens during early pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic gonadotropin

24
Q

What is the term for a fertilized egg lodges in fallopian tube?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

25
Q

Where does embryo get its nutrients first 2 weeks

A

Endometrium

26
Q

What forms the placenta

A

Outer layer of blastocyst (trophoblast) mingles with endometrium

27
Q

How does blood get from the embryo to the placenta?

A

umbilical arteries (to placenta) and veins (from placenta)

28
Q

Splitting of embryo during first month of development result in?

A

Genetically identical twins
Monozygotic

29
Q

Release and fertilization of two eggs results in?

A

Fraternal and genetically distinct twins
Dizygotic

30
Q

The first trimester is the main period of what for a developing embryo?

A

organogenesis: development of organs

31
Q

What is needed for embryo to be fetus

A

All major structures present by 8 week

32
Q

5 changes that occur in mom during first trimester

A

1) Mucus plug in cervix to prevent infection
2) Growth of placenta and uterus
3) Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycle
4) Breast enlargement
5) Nausea

33
Q

characteristics of Second trimester (3)

A

1) Fetus grows and is active
2) Hormone levels stabilize
3) Placenta takes over production of progesterone

34
Q

characteristic of Third trimester

A

1) Fetus grows and fills space within embryonic membranes

35
Q

How does childbirth begin?

A

Strong rhythmic uterine contractions

36
Q

What is labor regulated by?

A

Prostaglandins
hormones: estradiol and oxytocin

37
Q

Labor 3 stages

A

1) thinning and opening of cervix (dilation)
2) Expulsion (delivery of baby)
3) Delivery of placenta

38
Q

Postnatal care in mammals includes?

A

Lactation: production of mothers milk

39
Q

What is the definition of Contraception?

A

Prevention of pregnancy

40
Q

Contraceptive methods fall in 3 method

A

1) Prevent release of egg and sperm
2) Keeping sperm and egg apart
3) Preventing implantation of an embryo

41
Q

Rhythm Method

A

Refrain from intercourse when conception is most likely

42
Q

Coitus Interruptus

A

Pullout gang

43
Q

What does the Barrier method consist of?

A

condom or diaphragm

44
Q

What are Intrauterine devices?

A

Inserted in uterus and interfere with fertilization

45
Q

Birth control pills

A

Hormonal contraceptives

46
Q

Latex condoms unique ability

A

Prevents STDs

47
Q

what surgery ties off oviducts

A

tubal ligation

48
Q

What is a Vasectomy?

A

Ties of van deferenes

49
Q

What can be used to detect disorders in pregnancy?

A

1) ultrasound: detect fetal condition
2) amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: needle obtains fetal cells for genetic analysis
3) Mothers blood: contains DNA from embryo

50
Q

What is the most significant preventable cause of infertility?

A

STD’s

51
Q

What is IVF

A

in vitro fertilization
mixes egg and sperm in a culture dish and returned to the uterus at 8 cell stage

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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