Ch 46 Pt 2 Flashcards
In what phase does the thickening of the endometrium take place in?
Proliferative phase
In what phase do glands develop that secrete nutritive substances to sustain the embryo?
Secretory phase
Shedding of endometrium during ________ coordinates growth of new ovarian follicles
Menstrual flow phase
Cells of the uterine lining can sometimes migrate to an abnormal location called?
Ectopic
What is endometriosis?
A disorder where there is swelling of abdominal cells in response to hormone stimulation
Cessation of ovulation and menstruation
Menopause
- Unusual among animals
What is a characteristic only of humans and other primates
Menstrual cycles
Characteristic of most animals
Estrous cycles
characteristics of Estrous cycles (2)
1) Endometrium is reabsorbed by Uterus
2) Sexual receptivity is limited to a heat period
Estrus
“Heat” period
What are the 2 sexual reactions
1) vasocongestion: tissue filling with blood
2) myotonia: increased muscle tension
Sexual Response cycle four phases?
1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution
What is the term for Sexual Intercourse
Coitus
Direct stimulation of genitalia causes?
Maintaining of plateau phase and prepares vagina for receipt of sperm
What is an Orgasm? male? female?
Rhythmic contraction of reproductive structures
male: semen released and ejaculated from urethra
female: uterus and outer vagina contract
What is the Resolution phase?
Organs return to normal state and muscle relax
What is Conception?
Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs in oviduct
What happens to the zygote after conception?
Begins to divide by mitosis in process called cleavage
What is a Blastocyst?
Ball of cells with central cavity
What happens after blastocyst is formed?
Embryo implants into the endometrium
What is the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus
Pregnancy or Gestation
What happens in the first trimester regarding hormone secretion?
Embryo secretes hormones (hCG) that signal presence and regulate mothers reproductive system
What hormone maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogens during early pregnancy
Human Chorionic gonadotropin
What is the term for a fertilized egg lodges in fallopian tube?
Ectopic pregnancy
Where does embryo get its nutrients first 2 weeks
Endometrium
What forms the placenta
Outer layer of blastocyst (trophoblast) mingles with endometrium
How does blood get from the embryo to the placenta?
umbilical arteries (to placenta) and veins (from placenta)
Splitting of embryo during first month of development result in?
Genetically identical twins
Monozygotic
Release and fertilization of two eggs results in?
Fraternal and genetically distinct twins
Dizygotic
The first trimester is the main period of what for a developing embryo?
organogenesis: development of organs
What is needed for embryo to be fetus
All major structures present by 8 week
5 changes that occur in mom during first trimester
1) Mucus plug in cervix to prevent infection
2) Growth of placenta and uterus
3) Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycle
4) Breast enlargement
5) Nausea
characteristics of Second trimester (3)
1) Fetus grows and is active
2) Hormone levels stabilize
3) Placenta takes over production of progesterone
characteristic of Third trimester
1) Fetus grows and fills space within embryonic membranes
How does childbirth begin?
Strong rhythmic uterine contractions
What is labor regulated by?
Prostaglandins
hormones: estradiol and oxytocin
Labor 3 stages
1) thinning and opening of cervix (dilation)
2) Expulsion (delivery of baby)
3) Delivery of placenta
Postnatal care in mammals includes?
Lactation: production of mothers milk
What is the definition of Contraception?
Prevention of pregnancy
Contraceptive methods fall in 3 method
1) Prevent release of egg and sperm
2) Keeping sperm and egg apart
3) Preventing implantation of an embryo
Rhythm Method
Refrain from intercourse when conception is most likely
Coitus Interruptus
Pullout gang
What does the Barrier method consist of?
condom or diaphragm
What are Intrauterine devices?
Inserted in uterus and interfere with fertilization
Birth control pills
Hormonal contraceptives
Latex condoms unique ability
Prevents STDs
what surgery ties off oviducts
tubal ligation
What is a Vasectomy?
Ties of van deferenes
What can be used to detect disorders in pregnancy?
1) ultrasound: detect fetal condition
2) amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: needle obtains fetal cells for genetic analysis
3) Mothers blood: contains DNA from embryo
What is the most significant preventable cause of infertility?
STD’s
What is IVF
in vitro fertilization
mixes egg and sperm in a culture dish and returned to the uterus at 8 cell stage
