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Biology 102 > Ch. 38 > Flashcards

Ch. 38 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mutualistic Association?

A

When plants and other species use various mechanism to benefit each other

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2
Q

How do angiosperms attract insects?

A

nectar or pollen (both plant and pollinator benefit)

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3
Q

symbiotic

A

living together

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4
Q

What are flowers?

A

Reproductive shoots of angiosperm sporophytes

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5
Q

what part of the plant do flowers attach to?

A

receptacle

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6
Q

What are Stamens and Carpels?

A

Sporophylls (leaves specialized for reproduction)

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7
Q

What are Sepals and Petals?

A

Sterile modified leaves

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8
Q

What are Carpels?

A

Contains a long STYLE with sticky STIGMA on top that captures pollen
Megasporophyll (female part)

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9
Q

What do fertilized Ovules create?

A

Seeds

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10
Q

What is at the base of a style?

A

An ovary with one or more ovules

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11
Q

What is a Simple Pistil

A

Made up of one Carpel

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12
Q

Pistil

A

Single carpel or group of fused carpels

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13
Q

What is a compound pistil

A

Made up of more than one Carpel

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14
Q

What is a stamen

A

Consist of an anther and filament
Microsporophyll (male)

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15
Q

What does anther contain?

A

Pollen sacs (microsporangia) that makes pollen

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16
Q

What are Sepals? (2)

A

1) They enclose and protect unopened floral buds
2) Structures that resemble leaves

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17
Q

What are Petals?

A

Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators

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18
Q

What makes up a complete Flower?

A

a flower that contains all four floral Organs

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19
Q

What makes up an incomplete flower?

A

a flower that lacks one or floral organs

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20
Q

What do Sterile Flowers lack?

A

Stamens and Carpels

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21
Q

What do unisexual flowers lack?

A

Either a Stamen or a Carpel

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22
Q

Inflorescences

A

Cluster of flowers!

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23
Q

what is pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma
can occur by wind, water, or animals

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24
Q

which type of pollination do most angiosperm rely on?

A

animal pollination

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25
Q

Wind pollinated characteristics? (2)

A

1) Release large amounts of pollen
2) Small flowers without nectar and scent

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26
Q

Moths and Butterflies pollination characteristics?

A

1) Flowers usually have sweet fragrance
2) Butterfly flowers are bright colors
3) Moth flowers are white and yellow

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27
Q

Flowers relying on Bat pollination characteristics

A

Flowers are light colored and aromatic

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28
Q

flowers relying on Bee pollination characteristic (2)

A

1) typically brightly colored
2) sweet fragrance

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29
Q

Fly pollination characteristic

A

1) Flowers smell like rotten meat

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30
Q

flowers relying on bird pollination characteristics (3)

A

1) Flowers are usually large, bright red or yellow
2) Low oder and large quantities of nectar
3) Petals fused into a floral tube

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31
Q

what are nectar guides?

A

ultraviolet markings that direct bees and other insects to nectar-producing glands

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32
Q

angiosperm life cycle characterized by 3 F

A

Flowers, double Fertilization, Fruit

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33
Q

The angiosperm life cycle includes

A

1) gametophyte development
2) sperm delivery by pollen tube
3) double fertilization
4) seed development

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34
Q

What is Androecium?

A

All the stamens of the flower

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35
Q

What is Gynoecium

A

The female part of a flower
consisting of one or more carpels (same as pistil)

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36
Q

Ando

A

Males

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37
Q

Gyn

A

Female

38
Q

What is an embryo sac?

A

Female gametophyte that develops in the ovule

39
Q

What is micropyle?

A

A pore between the two integuments that surrounding the megasporangium

40
Q

How many megaspores does one MEGASPOROCYTE produce after meiosis?

A

4 megaspores only one survive

41
Q

How many haploid nuclei are in one cell after a megaspore divides?

A

8 nuclei are created without cytokinesis

42
Q

What happens to the cell that gets partitioned?

A

It turns into a multicellular female gametophyte, the embryo sac

43
Q

cyt

A

cell

44
Q

kinesis

A

movement

45
Q

Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce how many cells?

A

2 (one generative cell and one tube cell)

46
Q

What does the pollen grain consists of?

A

Two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall

47
Q

What produces a pollen tube?

A

When a pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma and two sperm cells are discharged near the embryo sac

48
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

After two sperm reach the female gametophyte

49
Q

What does the two sperm in double fertilization do?

A

One fertilizes the egg
One combines with two polar nuclei, creating triploid endosperm

50
Q

What does double fertilization do?

A

Ensures that endosperm only develops in the ovules containing fertilized eggs

51
Q

What happens after double fertilization?

A

1) Each ovule develops into a seed
2) The ovary develops into a fruit

52
Q

What happens to the ovary after double fertilization?

A

Develops into a fruit enclosing the seed

53
Q

What happens when a seed germinates

A

The embryo develops into a sporophyte

54
Q

What does a mature seed consists of

A

1) Dormant embryo
2) Endosperm (stored food)
3) seed coat

55
Q

characteristics of the first mitotic division of the zygote (2)

A

1) Asymmetrical
2) Splits fertilized egg into a basal cell and terminal cell

56
Q

carp

A

fruit

57
Q

What does a basal cell produce

A

Suspensor, which anchors the embryo to the parent plant and aids in nutrient transfer to the embryo

58
Q

which develops first: endosperm or embryo

A

endosperm

59
Q

What does seed coat do?

A

encloses the embryo and its food supply

60
Q

what is the endosperm?

A

nutrients storage place of the seed

61
Q

5 steps to embryo development

A

1) first mitotic division of zygote (basal and terminal cell)
2) basal cell produces suspensor
3) terminal cell give rise to embryo
4) cotyledons form
5) embryo elongates

62
Q

Whats below the cotyledons, embryonic axis? Whats above?

A

below: Hypocotyl and radicle
above: epicotyl

63
Q

What does plumule have?

A

Comprises of the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem

64
Q

What happens when a seed dehyrdates

A

It enters a state of dormancy

65
Q

Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called a _______

A

scutellum

66
Q

What does the terminal cell do?

A

gives rise to most of the embryo

67
Q

What two sheathes enclose the embryo of a grass seed?

A

1) Coleoptile covering the young shoot
2) Coleorhiza covering the young root

68
Q

Coleo

A

sheath

69
Q

ptile

A

feather or wing

70
Q

What are benefits of seed dormancy?

A

Increases the chance that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

71
Q

How does a seed exit seed dormancy?

A

Requires specific environmental cue like temperature and lighting change

72
Q

What happens after seed germination?

A

Growth of roots, stems, leaves, and flowering

73
Q

What is imbibition?

A

The uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
Germination depends on imbibition

74
Q

steps to seed germination (eudicots)

A

1) The radicle emerges
2) shoot tip breaks surface
3) hook forms in hypocotyl
4) growth pushes hook above ground
5) light causes hook to straighten pulling the cotyledon and shoot tip up

75
Q

what does the radicle do?

A

develops root system that anchors plant and provides water

76
Q

What does the coleoptile do in monocots?

A

In monocots it pushes up the through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow from

77
Q

What promotes outbreeding?

A

Flowers are synchronized to appear at a specific time of the year

78
Q

What triggers flowering?

A

Environmental cues and internal signals

79
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Mature ovary of a flower
Protects the enclosed seeds and aids in dispersal

80
Q

What is a simple fruit?

A

Develop from a single or several fused carpels

81
Q

What is an Aggregate fruit?

A

Results from a single flower with separate Carpels

82
Q

What is Multiple Fruits

A

Develop from group of flowers (inflorescence)

83
Q

What are accessory fruits?

A

Contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries

84
Q

What does fruit dispersal ensure?

A

That seeds germinate away from the competitve influence of the parent plant

85
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Produces offspring without fusion of egg and sperm
Offspring is a clone

86
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

87
Q

What is apomixis?

A

Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

88
Q

What is vegetative reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction
When progeny arise from mature vegetative fragments
These progeny are more resilient than seedlings produced by sexual reproduction

89
Q

What is selfing?

A

1) When flowers self fertilize to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed
2) Reduces genetic diversity

90
Q

What do Dioecious species do to prevent selfing?

A

different plants either have
1) Staminate flowers (lacking carpels)
2) Carpellate flower (lacking Stamens)

91
Q

4 ways flowers prevent selfing?

A

1) Have stamens and carpels mature at different times
2) Spatially arranged to prevent selfing
3) Dioecious species
4) self-incompatability

92
Q

What is self-incompatibility?

A

1) Plants ability to reject its own pollen
2) Recognizes self pollen based on S-genes

Biology 102 (38 decks)

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