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Sociology > Family&Households: Topic 5- Changing family patterns > Flashcards

Family&Households: Topic 5- Changing family patterns Flashcards

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1
Q

Divorce

What are the patterns of divorce?

A

Divorce has increased
* From 1961 and 1969 the number of divorces doubled
* 40% of marriages end in divorce
* 65% of applications for divorce is from women

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2
Q

Divorce

What are the reasons for the increase in divorce?

A
  • Changes in law
  • Declining stigma and changing attitudes
  • Secularisation
  • Rising expectations of marriage
  • Womens increased financial independece
  • Feminist explanations
  • Modernity and individualisation
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3
Q

Divorce

How does changes in law increase divorce?

A

3 changes in law:
* Equalising grounds between sexes- 1923
* Widening the grounds for divorce- 1969
* Making divorce cheaper- 1949

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4
Q

Divorce

What did Mitchell and Goody argue about how declining stigma and changing attidues increases divorce?

A

The changes since the 1960s has been the decline in the stigma attached to divorce, its more socially acceptable

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5
Q

Divorce

How does secularisation increase divorce?

A
  • Society is becoming more secular, church attendence is decreasing
  • Churches has softened their view on divorce
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6
Q

Divorce

What does Fletcher argue about how rising expectations of marriage increases divorce?

A
  • They argue that higher expectationgs increases divorce
  • In the past, people couldnt divorce if they fell out of love
  • Now marriage is seen as a way to seek personal fulfillment
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7
Q

Divorce

How does womens increased financial independence increase divorce?

A
  • Women are less economically dependent on men
  • More women working
  • 1971- 53%, 2020- 73%
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8
Q

Divorce

What does Sigle-Rushton argue how the feminist explanations for increase in divorce?

A
  • Married women bear a dual burden
  • Marriage remains patriachal with men benefiting from their wives ‘triple shift’
  • She argues mothers with dual burdens are likely to divorce
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9
Q

Divorce

What do Beck and Gidden argue how modernity and individualisation increases divorce?

A
  • They argue that in modern society, traditional norms lose their hold over individuals
  • Relationships are fragile- people wont stay if it fails
  • Modern society encourages individualism
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10
Q

Partnership

What are the reasons for changing patterns of marriage?

A
  • Changing attitudes to marriage: Theres less pressure to marry and mroe choice to pick what they want
  • Secularisation: People feel freer to choose what they want as churches influence has declines
  • Declining stigma attached to alternatives to marriage: Cohabitation, staying single and having kids outside of marriages is more normalised.
  • Changes in position of women: Focus more on careers so are less economically dependent on men
  • Fear of divorce: may not marry due to fear
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11
Q

Partnership

What are other reason for changing patterns of marriage?

A
  • Remarriages: due to rise in divorce
  • Age on marrying: Young people are postponing marriages
  • Religious weddings-: Having less due to secularisation
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12
Q

Partnership

What are the key factors of partnerships?

A
  • Cohabitation
  • Cohabitation vs marriage
  • Same-sex relationships
  • Chosen families
  • One person households
  • ‘Living apart together’
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13
Q

Partnership

Explain cohabitation. What do the perspectives argue about cohabitation?

A

Cohabitation is lovers living together. It has increased due to less stigma. There are 3.5 million cohabiting straight couples
* New right: negatively impacts the child
* Feminism: Does opress women

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14
Q

Partnership

Explain cohabitation vs marriage.

A

Cohabitation can be seen as a trial marriage, most couples decide if it goes well or have children. Cohabitation attempts to create a more equal relationship

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15
Q

Partnership

Explain same-sex relationships.

A
  • 5-6% of the adult population are in same sex relations
  • Its impossible to judge whether this increased due because in the past they were kept hidden
  • Since 2014, same sex couples have been able to marry
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16
Q

Partnership

What does Weeks argue about chosen families?

A

That acceptance may explain the trend of same-sex cohabitations. They offer chosen families the same security and stability as hetero families

17
Q

Partnership

Explain one-person households.

A
  • By 2033, over 30% of adults will be single
  • Increase in seperation and divorce has created 1 person households
  • Decline in marriage or marrying later increase one-person households
18
Q

Partnership

Explain ‘living apart together’. What does Duncan and Phillips argue?

A

Some people live apart together because:
* its too early to move in together
* They dont think it would strengthen their relationship

  • They argue that according to British social attitudes survey 1 in 10 adults are Living apart together
19
Q

Parents and children: Childbearing

What are some changes in childbearing and the reason for the change?

A
  • 47% Of all children are now born outside of marriages- due to decrease in marriage, increase in cohabitation
  • Women have children later- Focused on education
  • Women have fewer children- Children are an economic liability
  • Some women are remaining childless- Infertiles, passed fertility rate
20
Q

Parents and children: Lone-parent families

What are the reasons for an increase in lone-parent families

A
  • The belief that women by nature are suited to an ‘expressive’ nurturing role.
  • The fact that divorce courts usually give custody to mothers
  • The fact that men may be less willing to give up work to care for children
  • Some are single by choice
21
Q

Parents and children

What are the key statistics of lone parent families?

A
  • 24% of families are lone parents
  • 90% are headed by lone mothers
22
Q

Parents and children

What does Murray argue about lone parenthood and the welfare state?

A
  • Argues the welfare state has created a ‘perserve incentive’. Welfare state creates a dependency culture, assuming the state will support them and their children. It rewards irresponsible behaviour. The solution is to abolish welfare
23
Q

Parents and children

What are some criticisms of the new rights (Murray) arguement?

A
  • Lone parents are likely to be in poverty
  • Women earn less than men
  • Men dont pay maintenance
  • Inadequate welfare benefits
  • Lack of affordable children
24
Q

Parents and children

Explain step families? What do Fem and Smith argue about step families?

A
  • They account for over 10% of families
  • In 85% of step families at least 1 child is from womens previous relationship
  • Fem and Smith found step families are positive but has risks of poverty- more kids to care for
25
Q

Parents and children

What are the reasons for the patterns of step families?

A
  • When lone parents remarry
  • Step families at greater risk
  • Tension faced in step families
  • More children stay with women after a failed marriage
26
Q

Ethinic differences in family patterns

What are the family patterns in black families?

A
  • High proportion of lone parents
  • 43% are lone parent families
  • Femal headed are seen as disorganised
  • Traced to black slavery due to male and female slaves being seperated
  • High employement + less able to provide=Desertion or martial breakdown
27
Q

Ethinic differences in family patterns

What are the family patterns in asian families?

A
  • Majority are extended
  • Reflects the value placed on the family
  • Respect for elders
  • Needs assistance when migrating
28
Q

Extended family today

What does Charles argue about extended family?

A

Study of Swansea and found the classic 3 generation family all living under one roof is now ‘extinct’, only exception she found were among the citys Balngladeshi community.

29
Q

The extended family

What does Bell and Brannen argue about beanpole families?

A

Bell found the beanpole family is a type of extended family. Brannen describes them as ‘long and thin’, they’re are more generations of granparents and parents with few aunts, uncles. Beanpole families are a result of:
* Increased life expectancy: more granparents surviving
* Smaller family sizes: Fewer siblings

30
Q

Extended family today

What does Finch and Mason argue about obligations to relatives?

A
  • Found over 40% of poeple had given or recieved financial help and half cared for a sick relative
  • Personal care is given by daughters while men provide for the family

Sociology (40 decks)

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