Education: Topic 2- Class differences in achievement (Internal)

Question 1

What does Becker argue about labeling? Who did he study?

Answer 1

He did an interview of 60 HS teachers
* Found pupils were judged according to how close they fitted the image of the ‘ideal pupil’

Question 2

Labelling

What does Dunne & Gazeley argue about labelling in secondary schools? What was their study?

Answer 2

• They argued W/C underachieve due to labels and assumptions.
• The did an interview of 9 state schools and found teachers ‘normalised’ W/C to underachieve and were unconcerned

Question 3

Labelling

What does Rist argue about labelling in primary schools? What was their study?

Answer 3

• He did a study of an American kindergarten
• Found teachers seperated pupils due to background
• Tigers: M/C, most encouraged
• Clowns: W/C, given low-level work

Question 4

The self-fulfilling prophecy

What do Rosenthal & Jacobson argue about teachers expectations? What was their study?

Answer 4

• Study of primary school
• They did a test to identify pupils that will ‘spurt’ (Was actually an IQ test)
• The ‘spurters’ made significant progress
• Teachers beliefs influenced the results

Question 5

Streaming

What does Gillborn & Youdell argue about streaming? What was their study?

Answer 5

• Did a study of 2 secondary schools and found that etachers use stereotypes to stream pupils
• W/C & Black pupils are seen to have less ability

Question 6

Streaming

Who argues about the educational triage?

Answer 6

Gillborn and Youdell

Question 7

Streaming

What is the educational triage?

Answer 7

Theres 3 categories pupils are put in:
* Those who will pass can be left to get on with it
* Those with potential, will be helped to get C or more
* Hopeless cases, who’re doomed to fail

Question 8

Pupil subcultures

What does Lacey argue about pupil subcultures?

Answer 8

They argue differentiation and polarisation explains how subcultures develop:
* Differentiation: Teachers categorieses due to ability, or behaviour
* Polarisation: Pupils respond to streaming by moving towards a subculture

Question 9

Pupil subcultures

What does Ball argue about abolishing streaming? What was his study?

Answer 9

• Study of beachside school
• Streaming abolished led to less pupil subcultures however labelling still occured

Question 10

Pupil subcultures

What does Woods argue about the variety of pupil responses?

Answer 10

Responses to labelling and streaming:
* Ingratiation: Teachers pet
* Ritualism: Staying out of trouble
* Retreatism: Daydreaming and mucking about
* Rebellion: Rejection from school

Question 11

What are the criticism of the labelling theory?

Answer 11

• Too deterministic
• Self-refuting prophecy

Question 12

Pupil class identities

What does Bourdieu argue about habitus?

Answer 12

That habitus is the norms, values, attitudes of a social group

Question 13

Pupil class identities

What does Archer agure about ‘Nike’ identities?

Answer 13

• Argues ‘nike’ identities helps the W/C to feel valued and have self worth

Question 14

Pupil class identity

What does Evans argue about class identity and self-exclusion? What was their study?

Answer 14

• Studied 21 W/C girls from SL doing A-levels
• Found they were reluctant to apply to elite uni’s

Question 15

What are ‘Nike’ identities?

Answer 15

• W/C pupils finding status, self worth and value in branding clothing such as Nike
• But goes against school policy