Education: Topic 3- Ethnic differences in achievement Flashcards
Cultural deprivation
What are the external factors affect ethnic differences in achievement?
- Language
- Attitudes and values
- Family structure and parental support
- Sewell: Fathers, gangs and culture
- Asian families
- White W/C families
- Compensatory education
External: Cultural deptivation
What does Bereiter & Engelmann argue about language?
The language spoken by W/C Black Americans is inadequate for success and ungrammtical and disjointed.
External: Cultural deptivation
What does Archer argue about attitude & values?
Found that BAME students identified racism rather than low aspirations as a barrier to achieveing goals
External: Cultural deptivation
What does Moynihan argue about family structure?
Black lone families deprive their children due to struggling financially. They also:
* Have less income
* Lack of role model for male achievement
External: Cultural deptivation
How does Driver criticise Moynihan’s argument about family structures?
Lone mother families provides black girls with a strong independent role model, leading to them doing better than boys
External: Cultural deptivation
What does Sewell argue about fathers, gangs and culture?
Abscence of fathers results in a lack of fatherly nurturing for black boys so they have behavioural difficulties. This can result in them finding a father figure in gangs.
External: Cultural deptivation
What is a criticism of Sewells: fathers, gangs and culture?
Sewell is accused of downplaying the impact of racism. Institutional racism produces many failures for black boys
External: Cultural deptivation
What does Lupton argue about Asian families?
Adult authority in asian families model schools, making asian pupils respct older people and be submissive
External: Cultural deptivation
What is a criticism for Luptons argument about asian families?
She’s over-generalising ‘Asian success’. There are differences between different Asian ethnic groups. E.g. Bangladeshi’s achieve high whilsts Indians achieve low
External: Cultural deptivation
What does McCulloch argue about White W/C families? What was their study?
White W/C pupils often underachoeve and have lower aspirations.
* He did a survey of 16000 pupils
* Found that ethnic groups aspire to go to uni more than white W/C as they lack parental support
External: Cultural deptivation
How does compensatory education help with BAME success?
The aiming high scheme focused on increasing BAME pupils in higher education by ‘fixing’ individuals low aspirations.
External: Cultural deptivation
What are some criticisms of the cultural deprivation theory?
- Victim blaming: BAME pupils underachieve due to the school system being ethnocentric
- Material deprivation has more of an impact
- Labelling theorists: The cause in defference is due to racial stereotypes, resulting in self-fulfilling prophecies
External: Material deprivation
What material factors lead to a difference in educational success?
- Many BAME families live in economically deprived areas with high unemployment and low wages
- A lack of language skills can affect those who are refugees.
External: Material deprivation
What does Palmer argue about material deprivation?
- BAME are 2x more likely to be unemployed
- BAME are 3x more likely to be homeless
External: Material deprivation
What is a criticism of the material deprivation theory?
Though Chinese pupils are materially deprived, they still do better than most. 86% of Chinese girls with free school meals recieved a 5 or higher in GCSE’s compared to 65% white girls not recieving FSM.
External: Material deprivation
What does Wood et al argue about racism in wider society?
Racism in wider society affects BAME parents level of employment and pay.
* They sent job applications to 1000 companies
* 1/16 Minorities were accepted
* 1/9 white people were accepted
Internal: Labelling, identities and responses
What are the internal factors that affect ethnic differences in achievement?
- Labelling and teacher racism
- Pupil identites
- Pupil responses and subcultures
Internal: Labelling & teacher racism
What does Gillborn & Youdell argue about black pupils and streaming?
- Teachers focus on those likely to succeed and were closer to the ‘ideal’ pupil
- Negative stereotypes of black and Asian pupils leads to teachers to treat pupils from ethnic backgrounds differently, resulting in their failure.
Internal: Labelling & teacher racism: Black pupils and discipline
What does Gillborn and Youdell argue about black pupils & discipline?
Found teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils more than others for the same behaviours.
Internal: Labelling, identities and responses: Black pupils & streaming
What does Gillborn and Youdell argue about black pupils and streaming?
They found that in the ‘A-C econmony’ teachers focused on students they belived woulf pass. Negative stereotypes of black pupils ability led to them placed in lower sets.
Internal: Labelling & teacher racism
What does Wright argue about asian pupils?
Found teachers held ethnocentric views which assumed asians had a poor grasp of English and left them out. They were marginalised and prevented from participating fully.
Internal: Pupil identities
What did Archer argue about pupil identities?
Argues teachers discourse defines BAME pupils as lacking identity to ideal pupils, Leading to labelling. There are 3 different types:
* Ideal pupil- White, M/C, hetero
* Pathologised pupil: Asian, feminised identity, oppressed sexuality
* Demonised pupil: White/Black W/C, hyper-sexualised identity
Internal: Pupil identities
What did Archer argue about chinese pupils?
Found teachers viewed chinese pupils as successing the ‘wrong’ way, which caused a negative positive stereotype. Their achievement is seen as an ‘over-achievement’ since a ‘proper’ achievment is from an ideal pupil.
Internal: Pupil responses & subcultures
What does Fuller & Mac an Ghaill argue about rejecting negative labels?
- They looked into black girls in Yr11 comprehensive schools
- Girls usually in high sets but black girls in low sets
- Black girls instead made freibds with other black girls in lower sets
- They worked conscientiously but showed a deliberate lack of concern for school
Internal: Pupil responses & subcultures
What does Mirza argue about the failed strategies to avoid racism?
Found racist teachers discouraged black pupils through their advice about career and option choices. These teachers held racist attitudes. There are 3 types of teachers:
* Colour blind: All pupils are equal but dont challenge racism
* Liberal chaunvinicts: Have low expectations due to stereotypes
* Overt racists: Actively discriminate against black pupils
Internal: Pupil responses & subcultures
What does Sewell argue about variety of boys responses?
He argues that boys response can affect their achievement. There are 4 boy responses:
* Rebels: anti-school, reject school rules
* Conformists: Keen to succeed, accept schools goals
* Retreatists: Disconnected from school subcultures, are isolated
* Innovators: Pro-education but anti-school, only conformed to school work
Internal: Labelling, identities and responses
What is a criticism to the labelling and pupil responses theory?
Its not just teachers prejudice but its the whole education system. Publishing league tables creates an A-C economy leads to black and W/C pupils to be placed in lower streams and in lower-tier exams
Institutional racism
What internal factors affect the ethnic differences in achievement?
- Critical race theory
- Marketisation
- The ethnocentric curriculum
- Assessment
- Access to opportunities
- The ‘new IQism’
Internal: Institutional
What is the critical race theory?
Sees racism as something ingrained into society, involving intentional actions and institutional racism.
Internal: Institutional: Critical race theory
What does Gillborn argue locked-in inequality?
He sees ethnic inequality as ‘so deep rooted’ that its an inevitable feature of the education system
Internal: Institutional
What does Gillborn argue about marketisation & segregation?
Marketistion gives schools more scope to select pupils which is influenced by negative stereotypes allowing that to infleunce decisions about school admissions.
Internal: Institutional
What does Ball argue about the ethnocentric curriculum?
National curriculum ignores ethnic diversity, like music, history, languages. Resulting in BAME pupils to become uninterested in what they’re learning
Internal: Institutional
What does Gillborn argue about assessment?
- ‘Assessment game’ is rigged to validate superior cultures
- Before, black pupils succeeded the baseline test, which was a written exam
- Then began failing when it changed to FSP, which is based on teachers judgements.
Internal: Institutional
What does Gillborn argue about access to opportunites?
- It introduced the ‘gifted and talented’ programme to benefit bright pupils from ethnic groups
- Stats show white pupils are 8x more likely to be in programmes compared to black Carribeans
Internal: Institutional
What does Gillborn argue about the new ‘IQism’?
- Access to opportunities relies on teacher assessments of pupils abilities. Teachers always put black pupils in low ranked groups
- Teachers and policymakers make false assumptions about pupils ability or potential
- They see potential as a fixed quality that can be measured but rarely changed
Internal: Institutional
What are some criticisms of Gillborn?
- Model students like indian, chinese pupils overachieve compared to other races
- Sewell argues that external factors like nurturing fathers role has a big impact aswell
