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Sociology > Family&Households: Topic 4- Demography > Flashcards

Family&Households: Topic 4- Demography Flashcards

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1
Q

Births

What are the reasons for the decline in birth rate?

A
  • Changes in womens position
  • Decline in the infant mortality
  • Children are an economic liability
  • Child centredness
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2
Q

Births

What does Harper argue about how changes in womens postion cause a decline in birth rate?

A

Harper argues the education is the main reaction, changing girls mindset and women now see other opportunities and delay children for their career.

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3
Q

Births

What does Harper argue about how a decline in the infant mortality rate can cause a decline in birth rate?

A

If IMR falls, birth rates will fall. This is because many children survive, therefore parents wont have to replace them.

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4
Q

Births: Declining in the infant mortality rate

Why has IMR fell?

A
  • Better nutrition
  • Improved housing and better sanitation
  • Improved services for mothers and children
  • Better knowledge of hygiene, child health, welfare
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5
Q

Births

How has children becoming an economic liability caused a decline in birth rate?

A
  • Laws ban child labour so children are economically dependent on parents
  • Changing norms has led to children needing/wanting more

So parents have less kids to reduce financial pressures

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6
Q

Births

How has child centredness caused a decline in birth rates?

A

Children are an important point on many peoples lives, a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’. Parents can now spend more on the ONE child

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7
Q

Births

How are the family affected with less babies being born?

A
  • Smaller familes mean women can go to work
  • Childhood may be lonelier
  • Children wont be an economic burdern
  • More beanpole family
  • More love, times and emotional support for smaller families
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8
Q

Births

How would society be affected with less babies being born?

A
  • Less workers for the economy
  • Fewer public services, class sizes
  • Ageing population
  • Depencency ratio- fewer young adults
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9
Q

Deaths

What are the key factors affecting the decline in the death rate?

A
  • Improved nutrition
  • Medical improvements
  • Smoking and diet
  • Public health measures
  • Other social changes
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10
Q

Deaths

What does Mckeown argue how improved nutrition caused a decline in death rate?

A

He argues that improved nutrition accounts for half of the reduction in death rates. Better nutrition increased resistance and survival

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11
Q

Deaths

How does medical improvements cause the decline in death rate?

A
  • Before 1950s medicine has no reduction in deaths from diseases
  • After 1950s improved medical knowledge techniques helped reduce death rates
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12
Q

Deaths

What does Harper argue how smoking and diet causes a decline in the death rate?

A
  • Argues the greatest fall in death rates was due to smoking but is now replaced by obesity
  • While obesity has increse they’re kept low due to drug therapies
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13
Q

Deaths

How does Public health measure cause a decline in death rate?

A
  • In 20th Centery government made laws to improve public health
  • Housing has better ventilation
  • Pure drinking water
  • Clean air acts
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14
Q

Deaths

What are the other social changes that causes a decline in death rate?

A
  • The decline in dangerous occupations
  • Smaller families reduces rate of transmission of infection
  • Greater knowledge of illnesses
  • Higher income=healthier lifestyles
  • Lifestyle changes
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15
Q

Death

Whats the impact of decline in death rates on life expectancy?

A
  • As death rate falls, life expectancy rates increases
  • Women in 1900 lived till 50, 2018 liven until 90.2
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16
Q

Death

How does class, gender and regional difference affect life expectancy?

A
  • Gender: Men dont live as long as women
  • Region: Those in North live shorter due to weather
  • Class: W/C men are 3x more likely to live shorter due to job
17
Q

Death

What is the impact of falling death rates on the family?

A
  • Children can grow with grandparents and form strong relationships
  • Grandparents become a reserve army of labour
  • More beanpole families
  • Women/girls care for older women
18
Q

Death

What is the impact of falling death rate on wider society?

A
  • High burden on dependency ratio as old people cant work
  • the retirement age will increase
  • Women live longer than men so more women in society
  • More care homes and beds in hospitals needed
  • Lonely
19
Q

The ageing population

What causes the ageing population?

A
  • Increasing life expectancy- people are living older
  • Declining infant mortality- Hardley anyone dies early of age
  • Declining fertility- fewer young people born compared to old people in population
20
Q

The ageing population

What are the consequences of ageing populaiton?

A
  • Public services
  • One-person pensioner households
  • The dependency ratio
21
Q

The ageing population

What are the consequences of ageing population on public services?

A
  • Older people consumer large amounts of services
  • Increased expenditure on healthcare, ageing population means changes to policies, services
22
Q

The ageing population

What are the consequences of ageing population on One-person pensioner household?

A
  • Nb of pensioners living alone has increased, 15% of households
  • Among the over-75s, there are 2x as many women as men
23
Q

The ageing population

What are the consequences of ageing population on the dependency ratio?

A
  • Old people are economical group, relying on tax, pension. This puts a burden on workers
  • 2022 There were 3.5 people working for every 1 pentioner, will fall to 2.7 by 2041
24
Q

The ageing population

What does modern society argue about ageism and old age? What does Phillipson argue?

A
  • Argue ageism is the result of ‘structures dependency’. Old is excluded from paid work and become economically dependent
  • Phillipson argues the old are no use to capitalism as they’re not productive- state is unwillling to support them
  • Age becomes important in role allocation
25
Q

The ageing population

What does postmodern society argue about ageism and old age? What does Hunt argue?

A
  • They argue that in todays postmodern society, the fixed stages has been broken down. E.g. children dressing like adults, late marriage
  • Now consumption defines our identity. Hunt argues this means we choose a lifestyle, identity regardless of age
  • Old is now a vast market to creat their identity. E.g. plastic surgery, anti-ageing
  • 2 features that undermines old age as a stigmatised life stage
  • Centrality of the media: Media portays positive aspects of elderly lifestyle
  • Emphasis on surface features: The body is a service we can write identities
26
Q

Migration

What are the types of migration?

A
  • Immigration: Movement into a society
  • Emigration: Refers to movement out
  • Net migration: The difference between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants
27
Q

Migration

Explain immigration to the UK

A
  • From 1900 most immigrantd were the irish due to economic reason, followed by central european jews. As well as british decents from Canada and USA
  • 1950, black caribbeans arrived in the UK, followed by south asian and east afircan migrants
  • By 2021, ethnic minorities accounted 14% of the population
28
Q

Migration

Explain emigration from the UK.

A

Emigrants have gone to the USA, canada new zealand, etc. The main reasons for emigration has been economic:
* ‘Push’ factors: Economic recession and unemployment
* ‘Pull’ factors: High wages and better opportunities abroad

29
Q

Migration

What are the impacts of migration on UK poulation structure?

A
  • Population size: Net migration of EU citizens fell sharply after Brexit in 2016 from 133000 to 49000
  • Age structure: Directly immigrants are younger. Indirectly immigrants are more fertile n produce more babies
  • Dependency ratio: Immigrants are likely working age, will have more children
30
Q

Globalisation and migration

Explain the acceleration of migration and globalisation.

A

Theres been a speed of migration has incereased. In 2019 there was 272 million international migrants globally

31
Q

Globalisation and migration

Explain the differentiation of migration. What does Vortovec argue?

A
  • Before 1990, immigration was mainly from white countires
  • Vortovec argues super diversity happened, where migrants from a wider range came

Theres 3 types of migrants:
* Citizen: With full citizenship
* Denizen: Privileged foreigners. E.g. billionaires, celebs
* Helots: Exploited for labour, reserve army of labour

32
Q

Globalisation and migration

Explain the feminisation of migration. What does Ehrenreich and Hochschild argue?

A
  • Female migrants are fitted into patriachal stereotypes
  • 40% of adult care nurses are imgrants

Ehrenreich and Hochschild found care work, domestic work, sex work in USA/UK was done by ethnice minorities, this results in :
* Western women joining the labour force and are less willing to do domestic labour
* Western men not wanting to do domestic labour
* Failure of the stat providing adequate childcare

33
Q

Globalisation and migration

Explain the politicalisation of migration. What does Castle argue?

A
  • Assimilation is aimed to encourage immigrants to adop languages, values and customs of host culture, but immigrants cannot abandon their culture
  • Multiculturism accepts migrants wishes to retain their culture but its limited to shallow and deep diversity
  • Castle argues assimilation policies are counter-productive because they mark out minority groups as culturally backwards, leading to them emphasising differences

Sociology (40 decks)

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