Family&Households: Topic 4- Demography Flashcards
Births
What are the reasons for the decline in birth rate?
- Changes in womens position
- Decline in the infant mortality
- Children are an economic liability
- Child centredness
Births
What does Harper argue about how changes in womens postion cause a decline in birth rate?
Harper argues the education is the main reaction, changing girls mindset and women now see other opportunities and delay children for their career.
Births
What does Harper argue about how a decline in the infant mortality rate can cause a decline in birth rate?
If IMR falls, birth rates will fall. This is because many children survive, therefore parents wont have to replace them.
Births: Declining in the infant mortality rate
Why has IMR fell?
- Better nutrition
- Improved housing and better sanitation
- Improved services for mothers and children
- Better knowledge of hygiene, child health, welfare
Births
How has children becoming an economic liability caused a decline in birth rate?
- Laws ban child labour so children are economically dependent on parents
- Changing norms has led to children needing/wanting more
So parents have less kids to reduce financial pressures
Births
How has child centredness caused a decline in birth rates?
Children are an important point on many peoples lives, a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’. Parents can now spend more on the ONE child
Births
How are the family affected with less babies being born?
- Smaller familes mean women can go to work
- Childhood may be lonelier
- Children wont be an economic burdern
- More beanpole family
- More love, times and emotional support for smaller families
Births
How would society be affected with less babies being born?
- Less workers for the economy
- Fewer public services, class sizes
- Ageing population
- Depencency ratio- fewer young adults
Deaths
What are the key factors affecting the decline in the death rate?
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- Smoking and diet
- Public health measures
- Other social changes
Deaths
What does Mckeown argue how improved nutrition caused a decline in death rate?
He argues that improved nutrition accounts for half of the reduction in death rates. Better nutrition increased resistance and survival
Deaths
How does medical improvements cause the decline in death rate?
- Before 1950s medicine has no reduction in deaths from diseases
- After 1950s improved medical knowledge techniques helped reduce death rates
Deaths
What does Harper argue how smoking and diet causes a decline in the death rate?
- Argues the greatest fall in death rates was due to smoking but is now replaced by obesity
- While obesity has increse they’re kept low due to drug therapies
Deaths
How does Public health measure cause a decline in death rate?
- In 20th Centery government made laws to improve public health
- Housing has better ventilation
- Pure drinking water
- Clean air acts
Deaths
What are the other social changes that causes a decline in death rate?
- The decline in dangerous occupations
- Smaller families reduces rate of transmission of infection
- Greater knowledge of illnesses
- Higher income=healthier lifestyles
- Lifestyle changes
Death
Whats the impact of decline in death rates on life expectancy?
- As death rate falls, life expectancy rates increases
- Women in 1900 lived till 50, 2018 liven until 90.2
Death
How does class, gender and regional difference affect life expectancy?
- Gender: Men dont live as long as women
- Region: Those in North live shorter due to weather
- Class: W/C men are 3x more likely to live shorter due to job
Death
What is the impact of falling death rates on the family?
- Children can grow with grandparents and form strong relationships
- Grandparents become a reserve army of labour
- More beanpole families
- Women/girls care for older women
Death
What is the impact of falling death rate on wider society?
- High burden on dependency ratio as old people cant work
- the retirement age will increase
- Women live longer than men so more women in society
- More care homes and beds in hospitals needed
- Lonely
The ageing population
What causes the ageing population?
- Increasing life expectancy- people are living older
- Declining infant mortality- Hardley anyone dies early of age
- Declining fertility- fewer young people born compared to old people in population
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing populaiton?
- Public services
- One-person pensioner households
- The dependency ratio
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on public services?
- Older people consumer large amounts of services
- Increased expenditure on healthcare, ageing population means changes to policies, services
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on One-person pensioner household?
- Nb of pensioners living alone has increased, 15% of households
- Among the over-75s, there are 2x as many women as men
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on the dependency ratio?
- Old people are economical group, relying on tax, pension. This puts a burden on workers
- 2022 There were 3.5 people working for every 1 pentioner, will fall to 2.7 by 2041
The ageing population
What does modern society argue about ageism and old age? What does Phillipson argue?
- Argue ageism is the result of ‘structures dependency’. Old is excluded from paid work and become economically dependent
- Phillipson argues the old are no use to capitalism as they’re not productive- state is unwillling to support them
- Age becomes important in role allocation
The ageing population
What does postmodern society argue about ageism and old age? What does Hunt argue?
- They argue that in todays postmodern society, the fixed stages has been broken down. E.g. children dressing like adults, late marriage
- Now consumption defines our identity. Hunt argues this means we choose a lifestyle, identity regardless of age
- Old is now a vast market to creat their identity. E.g. plastic surgery, anti-ageing
- 2 features that undermines old age as a stigmatised life stage
- Centrality of the media: Media portays positive aspects of elderly lifestyle
- Emphasis on surface features: The body is a service we can write identities
Migration
What are the types of migration?
- Immigration: Movement into a society
- Emigration: Refers to movement out
- Net migration: The difference between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants
Migration
Explain immigration to the UK
- From 1900 most immigrantd were the irish due to economic reason, followed by central european jews. As well as british decents from Canada and USA
- 1950, black caribbeans arrived in the UK, followed by south asian and east afircan migrants
- By 2021, ethnic minorities accounted 14% of the population
Migration
Explain emigration from the UK.
Emigrants have gone to the USA, canada new zealand, etc. The main reasons for emigration has been economic:
* ‘Push’ factors: Economic recession and unemployment
* ‘Pull’ factors: High wages and better opportunities abroad
Migration
What are the impacts of migration on UK poulation structure?
- Population size: Net migration of EU citizens fell sharply after Brexit in 2016 from 133000 to 49000
- Age structure: Directly immigrants are younger. Indirectly immigrants are more fertile n produce more babies
- Dependency ratio: Immigrants are likely working age, will have more children
Globalisation and migration
Explain the acceleration of migration and globalisation.
Theres been a speed of migration has incereased. In 2019 there was 272 million international migrants globally
Globalisation and migration
Explain the differentiation of migration. What does Vortovec argue?
- Before 1990, immigration was mainly from white countires
- Vortovec argues super diversity happened, where migrants from a wider range came
Theres 3 types of migrants:
* Citizen: With full citizenship
* Denizen: Privileged foreigners. E.g. billionaires, celebs
* Helots: Exploited for labour, reserve army of labour
Globalisation and migration
Explain the feminisation of migration. What does Ehrenreich and Hochschild argue?
- Female migrants are fitted into patriachal stereotypes
- 40% of adult care nurses are imgrants
Ehrenreich and Hochschild found care work, domestic work, sex work in USA/UK was done by ethnice minorities, this results in :
* Western women joining the labour force and are less willing to do domestic labour
* Western men not wanting to do domestic labour
* Failure of the stat providing adequate childcare
Globalisation and migration
Explain the politicalisation of migration. What does Castle argue?
- Assimilation is aimed to encourage immigrants to adop languages, values and customs of host culture, but immigrants cannot abandon their culture
- Multiculturism accepts migrants wishes to retain their culture but its limited to shallow and deep diversity
- Castle argues assimilation policies are counter-productive because they mark out minority groups as culturally backwards, leading to them emphasising differences
